# On the Conception of the Current of Energy

On the the conception of the current of energy.

By M. Laue. (Communicated by Prof. J. D. van der Waals).

The law of the inertia of the energy, which with perfect generality brings the momentum per unit of volume ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$ in connection with the energy current ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}}$ according to the formula

${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}={\frac {\mathfrak {S}}{c^{2}}}}$

has again drawn the attention to the conception of the current of energy, which at the time was discussed with vivid interest in relation to Poynting's theorem. The author has given a rule for the transformation of the density of the energy current ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}}$. This rule states that in every department of physics a tensor of stress ${\displaystyle p}$ exists, which with the three components of the vector ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {i}{c}}{\mathfrak {S}}}$ and the density of the energy ${\displaystyle W}$ taken negatively forms the components of a symmetrical "world tensor" ${\displaystyle T}$, i. e. we shall have

${\displaystyle {\begin{array}{llll}T_{jk}=p_{jk}&&\mathrm {if} \ j,k&=x,y,z\\\\T_{jl}={\frac {i}{c}}{\mathfrak {S}}&&{\mathsf {if}}\ j&=x,y,z\ \mathrm {and} \ (l=ict)\\\\T_{ll}=-W\end{array}}}$

In Electrodynamics the tensor ${\displaystyle p}$ represents the Maxwell stresses, in mechanics it is closely connected with the elastic stresses.

Now the conception of the current of energy has been formed in analogy to the conception of the current of a fluid. If we denote the density of the fluid by ${\displaystyle \varrho }$, its velocity by ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {q}}}$, then the density of the current is of course ${\displaystyle \varrho {\mathfrak {q}}}$. In a recent paper[1] van der Waals Jr. transfers this relation to the energy current, and so he arrives at the conception of velocity of the motion of the energy, which is connected with the energy current ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}}$ and the energy density ${\displaystyle W}$ according to the relation

 ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {w}}={\frac {\mathfrak {S}}{W}}}$ (1)

This velocity appears to him even to be the more lucid conception, from which the conception of the energy current must be deduced. And in the final remark of his paper[2] he expresses a doubt whether the above quoted transformation formula for the density of the energy current follows from the transformation formula for the density of the energy ${\displaystyle W}$ and for its velocity ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {w}}}$. He assumes there, if I understand him rightly, that the addition theorem of Einstein applies to ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {w}}}$ as well as to the velocity of a material point.

This, however, is not the case. For if we start from the transformation for ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}}$ and ${\displaystyle W}$, we find quite a different law for the transformation formula for ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {w}}}$. It is the question if an objection to that transformation can he derived from this fact.

To me this seems not to be the case. The claim that the addition theorem should apply presupposes that for energy as for matter we can distinguish individually the particles of which it consists. Only on this supposition can the paths of a particle relative to two differently moving coordinate systems be possibly compared with one another, which then leads to the addition theorem of Einstein. This assumption, however, does certainly not hold, for the transformation formula for ${\displaystyle W}$, i. e. the equation

${\displaystyle W={\frac {W'+\beta ^{2}p'_{xx}+2{\frac {v}{c^{2}}}{\mathfrak {S}}'_{x}}{1-\beta ^{2}}}}$

shows, that energy can also then be present in the accentuated system, when in the unaccentuated system no energy of the same kind is to be found.

It is true that in the electromagnetic field in vacuo this case cannot occur. But it can occur for the elastic energy of a body subjected to a tension which is equal in all directions.

If the body rests relatively to the accentuated system, then we have

${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}'=0,\ p'_{xx}<0,\ W'>0}$

and if the body is body little compressible:

${\displaystyle p'_{xx}>>W'}$

We shall then have ${\displaystyle W=0}$ if the relative velocity of translation of file two systems reaches the not very large value

${\displaystyle v=c{\sqrt {-{\frac {p'_{xx}}{W'}}}}}$

If ${\displaystyle v}$ increases to a still higher value, ${\displaystyle W}$ will even become negative. In such a case it is certainly impossible to compare the motion of a particle of energy when evaluated with the aid of the two systems.

Perhaps the objection may be raised against this consideration that in the last equation the tensor transformation has been used, whereas its applicability is just to be proved. Therefore I will adduce an instance which shows independently of every special theory, that the velocity of the energy cannot be transformed in the same way as the velocity of a material point. We consider three coordinate systems, ${\displaystyle K^{0},\ K^{+},\ K^{-}}$ moving uniformly relative to one another; the latter two will have the velocity ${\displaystyle \pm {\mathfrak {v}}}$ relative to ${\displaystyle K^{0}}$. A body subjected to a tension (negative pressure) equal in all directions is in rest relative to ${\displaystyle K^{0}}$. In the system ${\displaystyle K^{+}}$ it has the velocity ${\displaystyle -{\mathfrak {v}}}$, in ${\displaystyle K^{-}}$ the velocity ${\displaystyle +{\mathfrak {v}}}$. In the same way the elastic energy which is imparted to the body by the tension is in rest relative to ${\displaystyle K^{0}}$, but flows in the other systems.

This flow of energy is compounded of the convection current of the energy carried along by the matter and the conduction current occasioned by the tensions. Only the first component agrees in direction with the velocity of the body, the second has on the contrary the opposite direction. If now, as above, we imagine the body to be only little compressible, then the density of the energy ${\displaystyle W^{0}}$ in the system ${\displaystyle K^{0}}$ is small compared with ${\displaystyle p}$. In this case the conduction current will far exceed the convection current, the velocity of the energy in the system ${\displaystyle K^{+}}$ will therefore have the direction ${\displaystyle +{\mathfrak {v}}}$, in the system ${\displaystyle K^{-}}$ the direction ${\displaystyle -{\mathfrak {v}}}$; this direction is therefore exactly opposite to that of the velocity of a point resting relatively to ${\displaystyle K^{0}}$. Now it is true that van der Waals Jr. tries to evade these difficulties, which he himself, no doubt, has also noticed, by splitting up the energy current for one and the same kind of energy into some components differing in direction and value. It seems to me still doubtful for the present whether this is the way to reach the desired end.

Is the conception of a velocity of the energy, which of course can always be defined and calculated by means of equation (1), after all efficient? In some cases it is doubtless so. O. Reynolds[3] e. g. has calculated the group-velocity for water waves, and the present writer[4] and in a still more general manner M. Abraham[5] have done so for light waves according to the electron theory. In both cases we can imagine a closed surface moving with the velocity ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {w}}}$ through which passes no energy. As we can disregard the absorption, this surface always includes the same quantum of mechanical or electromagnetical energy. It has, however, always only its signification for one coordinate system. For another system the energy flows in general through the surface. (We find an instance for this fact in the outer surface of the body, mentioned in the last paragraph but one, which is in rest relatively to ${\displaystyle K^{0}}$. For ${\displaystyle K^{0}}$ no energy current passes through the surface, it does, however, in ${\displaystyle K^{+}}$ and ${\displaystyle K^{-}}$. But this representation fails altogether when absorption takes place, because then inside such a surface the energy would gradually diminish indefinitely. Therefore it seems to me that no great importance can be attributed to the conception of the velocity of the energy.

München.

Institute for theoretical physics.

1. Van der Waals Jr. Proc. Amsterdam. 1911. 239.
2. Van der Waals Jr. p. 253 last paragraph. The note on this page is undoubtedly the consequence of an oversight, for in formula XXVIII I have explicitly equated to zero die divergence of the sum of all the world tensors as van der Waals wishes.
Put in the equation 102 of my book "das Relativitätsprincip" (Braunschweig 1911) ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}={\mathfrak {w}}W}$.
3. O. Reynolds: Nature 6 p. 343, 1877 ; H. Lamb: Hydrodynamik, p. 446. Leipzig u. Berlin 1907.
4. M. Laue: Ann. d. Phys. 18. 523, 1905.
5. M. Abraham. Rendiconti R. Inst, Lomb. d. x. o. lett. (3) 44, 68. 19J1.

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1923.

The author died in 1960, so this work is also in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 50 years or less. This work may also be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.