cornices, engines, steel, wire nails, pumps, tools, feed cutters, riveting machines, china, stoves, tile, brick, furniture, etc. The government is vested in a mayor chosen biennially, a unicameral council, and boards of public service and public safety. Settled in 1807 Salem was incorporated as a village in 1830, and was chartered as a city in 1887. It was a station of the underground railway (q.v.) before the Civil War. Population, in 1890, 5780; in 1900, 7582.
SALEM. The capital of Oregon, and the county-seat of Marion County, 52 miles south of Portland; on the Willamette River, and on the Southern Pacific Railroad (Map: Oregon, C 5). It is situated on ground rising gradually from the river, and has wide and beautifully shaded streets. The State Capitol, a handsome building surmounted by a high dome, occupies a site overlooking the city. Other prominent structures are the Federal building, city hall, court-house, State Penitentiary, State Insane Asylum, and the opera house. Salem is the seat of Willamette University, originally founded by the Methodist Episcopal Church as an Indian school and opened as a university in 1844; the Academy of the Sacred Heart; and a large Indian Training School. The State School for Deaf Mutes, the State Institute for the Blind, and the State Reform School also are here. The State Library has 25,000 volumes, and there are also in the city Masonic and Odd Fellows libraries. Salem is surrounded by a region having extensive fruit, hop, and wheat interests, and is of considerable industrial importance. Flour, woolens, foundry and lumber products, and machinery constitute the leading manufactures. The government is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council. Population, in 1900, 4258.
Salem was laid out in 1844 near the site of a Methodist mission, established ten years earlier. It was chartered as a city in 1853. In 1864, by a popular vote, it was made the permanent State capital, though the Legislature had previously met in the city, and in 1857 the Constitutional Convention had been in session here.
SALEM. A town and the county-seat of Roanoke County, Va., seven miles west of Roanoke; on the Roanoke River, and on the Norfolk and Western Railroad (Map: Virginia, D 4). The scenery afforded by the Alleghany and Blue Ridge Mountains in the vicinity of Salem is very beautiful. The town is the seat of Roanoke College (Lutheran), opened in 1853; and has a Lutheran and a Baptist orphanage. Farming, stock-raising, and fruit-growing are the leading industries of the surrounding district. There are deposits of iron, and several sulphur springs. Salem manufactures leather, wagons, agricultural implements, machinery, brick, mattresses, woolen goods, etc. The government is vested in a mayor, chosen biennially, and a unicameral council. The water-works and electric light plant are owned and operated by the municipality. Settled in 1802, Salem was incorporated in 1836, and received its present charter in 1892. The town stands on land originally granted by George III. to Andrew Lewis. Population, in 1890, 3279; in 1900, 3412.
SALEMI, sȧ-lā′mē̇ (Lat. Halicyæ). A city in the Province of Trapani, Sicily, 64 miles by rail southwest of Palermo (Map: Italy, G 10). It is situated on a hill 1450 feet above the sea and four miles west of the railway station. It has a ruined castle, a library, a technical school, and a gymnasium, and markets grain, wine, oil, and cattle. Population (commune), in 1901, 17,004.
SALERATUS (Neo-Lat., formerly sal aëratus, aërated salt). A name applied to potassium bicarbonate, which was formerly much used in cooking, as sodium bicarbonate (cooking soda) is used at present. It may be made by passing carbonic acid gas through a solution of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) as long as any gas is absorbed, then filtering the liquid and evaporating to crystallization. Potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) is a colorless and odorless compound. It still finds some use in medicine.
SALERNO, sȧ-lĕr′nō̇ (Lat. Salernum). The capital of the Province of Salerno (formerly Principato Citeriore), Italy, and the seat of an archbishop. It is beautifully situated at the head of the Gulf of Salerno, 34 miles southeast of Naples (Map: Italy, J 7). The principal street is the Corso Garibaldi along the water front. The harbor is protected from sand by a mole. There are good hotels, a municipal theatre, three hospitals, and normal, classical, and technical schools. The medical school of Salerno was the doyen of medical faculties in Europe. (See Salerno, School of.) The Cathedral San Matteo was built by Robert Guiscard (q.v.) and dedicated in 1084, but suffered by the restoration of 1768. Along the walls of the atrium are fourteen ancient sarcophagi used for Christian burials by the Normans. The bronze doors made in Constantinople date from the eleventh century and in the interior are ancient mosaics and frescoes. On the hill above the town are the ruins of a Lombard castle. Salerno markets wine, oil, fruit, cotton, tobacco, and silk, and manufactures cotton and woolen goods. The ancient Salernum, which at the time of the Second Samnite War still belonged to the Samnites, became later a Roman colony. After the fall of the Western Empire the town was successively held by the Lombards, the Normans, and the houses of Hohenstaufen and Anjou. Population (commune), in 1881, 31,245; in 1901, 42,727. Consult Schipa, Storia del principato longobardo di Salerno (Naples, 1887).
SALERNO, Gulf of, or Gulf of Pæstum. An arm of the Mediterranean Sea, on the western coast of Italy, southeast of the Bay of Naples (Map: Italy, J 7). It is 30 miles wide at its entrance, and sweeps inland for 24 miles. On its shores are the towns of Amalfi and Salerno.
SALERNO, School of. A once famous medical school at Salerno, Italy. As early as the tenth century Salerno was famous for its numerous physicians. Ordericus Vitalis (q.v.), who first mentions the medical school, ascribes to it an ancient origin, but the attempt to trace its inception to Saracen influence has been refuted bv Henschel, Daremberg, and De Renzi. After the middle of the eleventh century the system of medicine known as ‘Methodism’ in vogue at Salerno, whose chief representative in antiquity was Cælius Aurelianus, gave way to that of ‘Humorism,’ based on Hippocrates and Galen, and from this time dates the Medical Renaissance. In 1253 the faculties of Naples were transferred to Salerno, thus transforming it into a univer-
