A R A D - -ARAL “The Embryology of Limulus,” Journ. “Classification des Acariens,” Rev. Sci. Rat. de louest, p. 289, xx. 1880.—Kingsley. vols. vii. and viii.—Kishinouye. “Development of. 1892.—Wagner. Embryonal Entwick. von Ixodes. St. Peters- Morphology, Araneina,” Journ. Coll. Sci. Univ. of Japan, vol. iv. 1890. burg 1893.—41. Bertkau. “Coxaldrusen der Arachmden, — Locy. “ Development of Agelena,” Bull. Mus. Harvard, vol. Sitzb. Nitderl. Gesellsch. 1885.—42. Patten. “ Brain and Sense xii. 1885.—Metschnikoff. “Embryologie d. Scorpion,” Zeit. Organs of Limulus,” Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. vol. xxxv. 1894 : see Zool. vol. xxi. 1871.—Idem. “Embryol. Chelifer, L wiss. also his “ Origin of Vertebrates from Arachnids,’ ioici. vol. xxxi. wiss. Zool. vol. xxi. 1871.—Schimkewitsch. “ D6veloppement des Authorities not cited by numbers in the text: )( Archives d. Biologic, vol. vi. 1887. Sense organs : Lung-books.—Berteaux. “Lepoumon des Arachnides, La Araignees,” Bertkau. “ Sinnesorgane der Spinnen,” Arch. f. mikros. Cellule, vol. v. 1891.—Jawarowski. “ Die Entwick. d. sageun. vol. xxvii. p. 589, 1886. — Grader. “Unicorneale Lunge bei der Arachniden, Zeitsch. wiss. Zool. vol. Iviii. 1894. Anat. Auge,” Arch. f. mikr. Anat. vol. xvii. 1879.— —Macleod. “ Recherches sur la structure et la signification de Tracheaten Gebororgane der Arthropoden. Gottingen, 1879. 1’appareil respiratoire des Arachnides,” Arch. Biologic, vol. v. Grenacher. 1884.—Schneider, A. “ Melanges Arachnologiques,” in Tablettes Kishinouye. “Lateral Eyes of Spiders.” Zool. Anz. vol. xiv. 381, 1891. — Purcell. “Phalangiden Augen,” Zool. Zoologiques, vol. ii. p. 135, 1892.—Simmons. “ Development of p. vol. xv. p. 461. Lung in Spiders,” Amer. Journ. Science, vol. xlviii. 1894. Coxal Anzeiger, General works on Arachnida:—Blanchard. ‘ ‘ Les Arachnides ” glands :—Bertkatj. “ Ueber die Coxaldrusen der Arachniden,” Sitzb. d. Niederl. Gesellsch. 1885.—Loman. “Altes und neues in L'organisation du rbgne animal.—Gaubert. “Recherches fiber das Nephridium (die Coxaldrfise) der Arachniden,” Byd. tot sur les Arachnides.” Ann. Sci. Nat. (7) vol. xiii. 1892.—Koch, 16 vols. Nfirnberg, 1831 to 1848.—Koch, de Dierkunde, vol. xiv. 1887.—Macleod. Glande coxale chez C. Die Arachniden, and Sorensen. Die Arachniden Australien. les Galeodes,” Bull. Acad. Belg. (3) vol. viii. 1884.—Pelseneer. Keyserling, “ On the Coxal Glands of Mygale,” Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885.—Tower. Nfirnberg, 1871-90. — Pocock. Arachnida of British India. “The External Opening of the brick-red Glands of Limulus,” London, 1900.—Idem. “On African Arachnida,” in Proc. Zool. Soc. Zool. Anzeiger, vol. xviii. p. 471, 1895. Entostemite:—Schim- and Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897-1900.—Simon. Les Arachkewitsch. ‘ ‘ Bau und Entwick. des Endosternites def Arachniden, nides de la France, 7 vols. Paris, 1874-81.—Thorell. “ Arach Zool. Jahrb. Anal. Abtheil. vol. viii. 1894. Embryology:— nida from the Oriental Region,” Ann. Mus. Genova, 1877-99. (E. R. L.) Balfour. “ Development of the Araneina,” Q. J. Micr. Sci. vol. 546
Arad, Old, a municipal town of Hungary, on the river Maros, 145 miles S.E. of Budapest; capital of the county of Arad; a well-equipped modern town, with a considerable trade, including a large distillery. After the surrender of Gorgey at Vil&gos, the thirteen captured Hungarian generals were here put to death. A statue of liberty has been erected to their memory, and the anniversary of their death is annually celebrated with great solemnities. There is a museum composed of relics of the war of national independence of 1848-49. Population in 1901, 55,987; of the neighbouring village of New Arad, 6044. Araguay, River. See Amazon. Arakan.—This division of Lower Burma on the eastern seaboard of the Bay of Bengal continues to be divided into four districts—Akyab, Northern Arakan Hill Tracts, Sandoway, and Kyaukpyu, which name has been substituted for the older Ramri. Its area is 18,540 square miles, and the population in 1891 was 673,190. The population at the time of its annexation in 1826 did not exceed 100,000. In 1898-99 there were 4014 villages, and the revenue paid was Rs.23,83,406. Akyab remains the only town of importance in the division. Of the 11,865,600 acres in the division, 6,207,270 acres are not capable of cultivation, and in 1898-99 only 800,720 acres were cultivated. The great proportion of the cultivable but not cultivated area was in the Northern Arakan Hill Tracts district, which is under a superintendent, who is usually a police officer with headquarters at Paletwa. The area of the Hill Tracts is 5233 square miles, with a population in 1891 of 14,627, and containing 317 villages. Of the population 13,039 were aborigines—mostly Chins, 1204 were Buddhists and Jains, 366 were Hindus, and 18 were Mahommedans. Only 10,451 acres were cultivated out of the total area of 3,349,120 acres. The rainfall at Paletwa in 1898-99 was inches. Sixty-five police maintain order in the district. Ar«il (Khvarezm, Aral-denghiz), a large lake of Central Asia, situated to the E. of the Caspian Sea, between 43° 41' to 46° 45' N. lat., and 58° 19' to 61° 47' E. long., and by its area the second inland salt sea of the world. It covers 26,166 square miles, and has nearly the same length as width, namely, about 170 miles, if its northern gulf (Kichkine-Denghiz) be left out of account.
Its depth is insignificant, attaining 222 feet only in a depression in the north-west, and 90 feet in the middle, so that notwithstanding its wide area it contains only eleven times as much water as Lake Leman. Its altitude is 246 feet above the Caspian (Tillo), i.e., about 160 feet above the ocean. There is no doubt that in recent historical times Lake Aral had a much greater extension than it has now, and that its present area is diminishing at a rapid rate. From a map of 1741 it appears that its north-eastern gulf, Sary-chaganak, protruded about 53 miles farther than it does now, and this is confirmed by what Meyendorff heard in 1820 from the Kirghiz, namely, that, forty years before, the lake reached some hills which are now 40 miles from the shore. Moreover, the large Aibughir Gulf on the southern shore, which was full of water in 1858, is now quite dry, and the Laudan, the most western branch of the Amu, which entered this gulf in 1848 and 1859, has quite dried up since. The salinity of its water is much less than that of the ocean, containing only 0-012 of salt (only 0-006 of chloride of sodium), and the lake freezes every year for a great distance from its shores. The opinion that Lake Aral periodically disappeared, which was for a long time countenanced by Western geographers, loses more and more of its probability now that it becomes evident that at a relatively recent period the Caspian Sea extended much farther eastward than it does now, and that Lake Aral communicated with it through the Sary-Kamysh depression. The present writer is even inclined to think that besides this southern communication with the Caspian, Lake Aral may have been, even in historical times, connected with the Mortvyi Kultuk Gulf of the Caspian, discharging part of its water into that sea, through a depression of the Ust-Urt plateau, which is marked by a chain of lakes (Chumyshty, Asmantai, &c.). In this case it might have been easily confounded with a gulf of the Caspian (by Jenkinson). That the level of Lake Aral was much higher in post-Pliocene times is proved by the finding of shells of their characteristic species of Pecten and Mytilus in the Kara-kum, 33 miles from the lake at an altitude of 70 feet above its present level, and perhaps even up to 200 feet (by Syevertsoff; see Mushketoffs Turkestan). The fishes of Lake Aral belong to fresh-water species, and in some of its rapid tributaries the interesting Scaphirhynchus, which represents a survival from the Tertiary epoch, is found. The fishing is very productive, and about 1000 tons of fish are exported yearly to Turkestan, Merv, and even Russia. The shores of the lake are uninhabited, and the nearest settlements are Kazalinsk (7600 inhabitants), 35 miles east, on the Syr, and Chimbai and Kungrad in the delta of the Amu. Authorities. —The modern works are : Maksiieeff’s “ Description of Lake Aral,” and Kaulbars’ “Delta of the Amu,” in Zapiski of Russ. Geogr. Soc., 1st series, v., and new series, ix.— Grimm’s Studies of the Aral-Caspian Expedition. — Nikolsky’s “Fishingin Lake Aral,” in Izvestia, Russ. Geogr. Soc., 1887.—Prof. Mushketoff, Turkestan, vol. i. 1886, which contains rich bibliographical indications. A- k.)
