A R T H R O P O D A clasper. Three neuromeres—a proto-, deutero-, and tritocerebrum—corresponding to those three prosthomeres are sharply marked in the embryo. The fourth somite is that in which the mouth now opens, and which accordingly has its appendages converted into hemignathous mandibles. The Crustacea are tetartognathous. The history of the development of the head has been carefully worked out in the Hexapod insects. As in Crustacea and Arachnida, a first prosthomere is indicated by the paired eyes and the protocerebrum; the second prosthomere has a well-marked ccelomic cavity, carries the antennae, and has the deuterocerebrum for its neuromere. The third prosthomere is represented by a well-marked
Fig. 5.—Diagram of the head of a Fig. 6.—Diagram of the head of a HexaCrustacean. Triprosthomerous. FP, pod insect, e, eye; ant, antenna; frontal processes (observed in Cir- md,2 mandible ; mad, first maxilla; rhiped nauplius - larvae) probably mx , second maxilla; m, mouth; I, representing the prostomial ten- region of the first or eye-bearing prostacles of Chsetopods ; e, eye ; Anti, thomere ; II, coelom of the second first pair of antennae ; second antenna - bearing prosthomere; III, pair of antennae ; md, mandible ; coelom of the third prosthomere devoid mx1, to*2, first and second pairs of of appendages ; IV, V, and VI, coelom maxillae; to, mouth ; I, II, and III, of the fourth, fifth, and sixth somites ; the three prosthomeres ; IV, V, VI, P, protocerebrum belonging to the the three somites following the first prosthomere ; D, deuterocerebrum mouth ; P, protocerebrum ; D, belonging to the second prosthomere ; deuterocerebrum; T,tritocerebrum. T, tritocerebrum belonging to the (After Goodrich.) third prosthomere. (After Goodrich.) pair of ccelomic cavities and the tritocerebrum (III, Fig. 6), but has no appendages. They appear to have aborted. The existence of this third prosthomere corresponding to the third prosthomere of the Crustacea is a strong argument for the derivation of the Hexapoda, and with them the Chilopoda, from some offshoot of the Crustacean stem or class. The buccal somite, with its mandibles, is in Hexapoda, as in Crustacea, the fourth: they are tetartognathous. The adhesion of a greater or less number of somites to the buccal somite posteriorly (opisthomeres) is a matter of importance, but of minor importance, in the theory and history of the Arthropod head. In Peripatus no such adhesion or fusion occurs. In Diplopoda two opisthomeres —that is to say, one in addition to the buccal somite— are united by a fusion of their terga with the terga of the prosthomeres. Their appendages are respectively the mandibles and the gnathochilarium. In Arachnida the highest forms exhibit a fusion of the tergites of five post-oral somites to form one continuous carapace united with the terga of the two prosthomeres. The five pairs of appendages of the post-oral somites of the head or prosoma thus constituted all primitively carry gnathobasic projections on their coxal joints, which act as hemignaths : in the more specialized forms the mandibular gnathobases cease to develop. In Crustacea the fourth or mandibular somite never has less than the two following somites associated with it by the adaptation of their appendages as jaws, and the ankylosis of their terga with that of the prosthomeres. But in higher Crustacea the cephalic “ tagma ” is extended, and more somites are added to the fusion, and their appendages adapted as jaws of a kind. The Hexapoda are not known to us in their earlier or more primitive manifestations; we only know them as
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possessed of a definite number of somites arranged in definite numbers in three great tagmata. The head shows two jaw-bearing somites besides the mandibular somite (V, VI, in Fig. 6)—thus six in all (as in some Crustacea), including prosthomeres, all ankylosed by their terga to form a cephalic shield. There is, however, good embryological evidence in some Hexapods of the existence of a seventh somite, the supra-lingual, occurring between the somite of the mandibles and the somite of the first maxillae (4). This segment is indicated embryologically by its paired coelomic cavities. It is practically an excalated somite, having no existence in the adult. It is probably not a mere coincidence that the Hexapod, with its two rudimentary somites devoid of appendages, is thus found to possess twenty-one somites, including that which carries the anus, and that this is also the number present in the Malacostracous Crustacea. The Segmental Lateral Appendages or Limbs of Arthropoda.—It has taken sgme time to obtain any general acceptance of the view that the parapodia of the Chsetopoda and the limbs of Arthropoda are genetically identical structures; yet if we compare the parapodium of Tomopteris or of Phyllodoce with one of the foliaceous limbs of Branchipus or Apus, the correspondences of the two are striking. An erroneous view of the fundamental morphology of the Crustacean limb, and consequently of that of other Arthropoda, came into favour owing to the acceptance of the highly modified limbs of Astacus as typical. Protopodite, endopodite, exopodite, and epipodite were considered to be the morphological units of the crustacean limb. Lankester (5) has shown (and his views have been accepted by Professors Korschelt and Heider in their treatise on Embryology) that the limb of the lowest Crustacea, such as Apus, consists of a corm or axis which may be jointed, and gives rise to outgrowths, either leaf-like or filiform, on its inner and outer margins (endites and exites). Such a corm (see Figs. 9 and 10), with its outgrowths, may be compared to the simple parapodia of Chsetopoda with cirrhi and branchial lobe (Fig. 7). It is by the specialization of two
Fig. 7. — Diagram of the somite - appendage or parapodium of a Polychaet Chsetopod. The 2clia-ta; are omitted. Ax, the axis ; nr.c, neuropodiai cirrhus
- nr.H, nr.l , neuropodiai lobes or endites ; nt.c, notopodial cirrhus ;
nt.l1, nt.l2, notopodial lobes or exites. The parapodium is represented with its neural or ventral surface uppermost. Original. “endites” that the endopodite and exopodite of higher Crustacea are formed, whilst a flabelliform exite is the homogen or genetic equivalent of the epipodite (see Lankester, “ Observations and Reflections on Apus Cancriformis,” Q. J. Micr. Sci.). The reduction of the outgrowth-bearing “ corm ” of the parapodium of either a Chsetopod or an Arthropod to a simple cylindrical stump, devoid of outgrowths, is brought about when mechanical conditions favour such a shape. We see it in certain
