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principal are : Anna Rooze (1867), Dolder Edmond en zijn many new results, and proves synthetically all important hitherto reached by analysis. The theory of the Vrouw (Dr H. and his Wife, 1870), Hanna de Freule results transformation of curves, and of the. correspondence of (The Honourable Miss Hannah, 1873), Daniel Sils, &c. Cremer was less successful as a playwright, and his two points on curves, was extended by him to three dimencomedies, Peasant and Nobleman and Emma Bertholt, did sions. He has devoted special attention to ruled surfaces, of the second order, space-curves of the thir not enhance his fame; nor did a volume of poems, pub- surfaces order, and the general theory of surfaces. lished in 1873. He died at The Hague in June 1880. His collected novels have appeared at Leyden. An Creston, capital of Union county, Iowa, U.S.A., English novel, founded by Albert Yandam upon Anna on the high prairie (whence its name), at an altitude of Rooze, considered by many his best work, was published in 1312 feet. It is at the intersection of two branches of London (1877, 3 vols.) under the title of An Everyday the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railways. PopulaHeroine. (II- Tl ) tion (1880), 5081; (1900), 7752. Cremona,' a fortified town and episcopal see of CfCSwick, a borough of Victoria, Australia, in Lombardy, Italy, capital of the province Cremona, on the the county of Talbot, on the Tullaroop Creek, 85 Jr miles left bank of the Po, 51 miles by rail south-east from Milan, by rail north-west of Melbourne, and 11 miles north of an important railway junction in the middle of North Ballarat. Much of the surrounding district is fertile and Italy. Amongst the public buildings should be particu- well timbered. The quartz and alluvial gold mines of the larly mentioned the Renaissance churches of St Sigismund district are important, employing about 1300 persons. (begun in 1463) and St Peter (1549), the baptistery (circa Population (1881), 3731 ; (1900), about 4700. 900, but rebuilt in 1167), the Palace of the Jurisconsults (1292), and the Ala-Ponzone Museum, containing works of Crete.—During the past half-century, the affairs of the native school of painters, and archseological collections. Crete have repeatedly occupied the attention of Europe. There are also statues to Garibaldi, Victor Emmanuel, Owing to the existence of a strong Mussulman minority and the musician Ponchielli (1893). Cremona has two among its inhabitants, the warlike character of the technical schools and a school of singing. Its manufactures natives, and the mountainous configuration of the embrace the rearing of silkworms and silk-throwing, with country, which enabled a portion of the Christian populaironworks and foundries. Population (1881), 31,930; tion to maintain itself in a state of partial independence, (1901), 37,661. the island has constantly been the scene of prolonged and Cremona, Luigi (1830 ), Italian mathema- sanguinary struggles in which the numerical, superiority of tician, was born at Pavia 7th December 1830. In 1848, the Christians was counterbalanced by the aid rendered to when Milan and Venice rose against Austria, Cremona, then the Moslems by the Ottoman troops. This unhappy state only a lad of seventeen, joined the ranks of the Italian of affairs was aggravated and perpetuated by the intrigues volunteers, and remained with them, fighting on behalf of his set on foot at Constantinople against successive governors country’s freedom, till, in 1849, the capitulation of Venice of the island, the conflicts between the Palace and the put an end to the hopeless campaign. He then returned to Porte, the duplicity of the Turkish authorities, the disPavia, where he pursued his studies at the university under sensions of the representatives of the Great Powers, the the distinguished mathematician Brioschi, and determined machinations of Greek agitators, the rivalry of Cretan to seek a career as teacher of mathematics. His first politicians, and prolonged financial mismanagement. A appointment was as elementary mathematical master at Ion" series of insurrections—those of 1821, 1833, 1841, 1858, 1866-1868, 1878, 1889, and 1896 may be especially the Gymnasium and Lyceum of Cremona, and he after- mentioned—culminated in the general rebellion of 1897, wards obtained a similar post at Milan. In 1860 he was which led to the interference of Greece, the intervention appointed to the professorship of Higher Geometry at the University of Bologna, and in 1866 to that of Higher of the Great Powers, the expulsion of the Turkish authoriGeometry and Graphical Statics at the Higher Technical ties, and the establishment of an autonomous Cretan College of Milan. In this same year he competed for the government under the suzerainty of the sultan. According Steiner Prize of the Berlin Academy, with a treatise en- to the new autonomous constitution, the supreme.power is titled “Memoria sulle superficie di terzo ordine,” and vested in Prince George of Greece, acting as high comshared the award with Professor Sturm. Two years later missioner of the protecting Powers. The authority thus the same prize was conferred on him without competition. conferred is confided exclusively to the present, high In 1873 he was called to Rome to organize the College of commissioner, and is liable to modification by law in the Engineering, and was also appointed Professor of Higher case of his successor. The prince is irresponsible, but his Mathematics at the university. Cremona’s reputation had decrees, except in certain specified cases, must be counternow become European, and in 1879 he was elected a corre- signed by a member of his Council. He convokes, prosponding member of the Royal Society. In the same year rogues, and dissolves the Chamber, sanctions laws, exercises he was made a senator of the Kingdom of Italy. As ea,rly the right of pardon in case of political offences,, represents as 1856 Cremona had begun to contribute to the Annali di the island in its foreign relations, and is chief of its military Scienze matematiche e fisiche, and to the Annali di forces. The Chamber (fBovXrj), which is elected in the Matematica, of which he became afterwards joint editor. proportion of one deputy to every 5000 inhabitants, meets Papers by him have appeared in the mathematical journals for a session of two months every two years. Ten of its of Italy, France, Germany, and England, and. he has members are nominated by the prince. A new election is published several important works, many of which have held before each session, and when the Chamber assembles been translated into other languages. His manual on a budget for a period of two years is submitted. The Graphical Statics and his Elements of Projective Geometry Chamber exercises a complete financial control, and. no have been published in English by the Clarendon Press. taxes can be imposed without its consent. . The prince His life has been devoted to the study of higher geometry is aided in the administration by a Cabinet ot ive and reforming the more advanced mathematical teaching members, styled “councillors” (o-^/loyAot), who superof Italy. He is a follower of Steiner, preferring synthetic intend respectively the departments of justice, finance, e .counci to analytic methods. In his Introducticm to a Geometrical education, public security, and the interior. Theory of Plane Curves he develops by a uniform method lors, who are nominated and dismissed by the prince, are
