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C Z A S L A U —C ZERNOWITZ sac present a twisted appearance like a spermatozoid without Czaslau or Caslau, chief town of the governcilia (Fig. 3, A, B). It has since been shown by other ment district of the same name in Bohemia, Austria observers that this double fertilization occurs in many Population (1890), 8396, almost exclusively Czech and other Angiosperms, both Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons, Catholic (655 Protestants and 247 Jews); (1900), 9145. so that it is probably of general occurrence throughout the There is a garrison of 623 men. A monument was erected group (see Angiospekms). in 1880. to the celebrated Hussite leader, Ziska, who was Literature.—The following is a list of a few of the more im- buried in the church. There are a sugar refinery, a portant papers in which further information and a more complete brewery, and a distillery. list of literature will be found :— Butschli. Untersuchungen iiber mikroskopische Schdume und Czech Literature (see Bohemia and Slavs, das Protoplasma. Leipzig, 1892. Eng. trans. by Minchin, London, Ency. Brit. 9th edition). The later years of the 19th 1894 ; also Untersuchungen iiber Utruktur. Leipzig, 1898.— Chauveaud. “Recherches Embryogeniques sur TAppareil Lati- century saw a continued forward movement in the recifere des Euphorbiacees, Urticacees, Apocynees et Asclepiadees, ” vived literature of Bohemia; but this progress may be Ann. des Sci. Nat. Bot. 7. xiv.—Courchet. “Recherches sur briefly indicated, since its interest is still mainly local, les Chromoleucites,” Ann. d. Sci. Bot., 1888.—Delage. L’Annte except in so far as the work of Czech writers has helped to Biologique ComptesRendus Annuelsdestravavx de Biologic Generate. Paris, 1895-6-7-8.—Farmer. “ Studies in Hepaticse : On Pallavi- vindicate the Bohemian national movement by the recinia decipiens, Mitten,” Annals of Botany, viii., 1894. “On assertion of the Bohemian language as a literary vehicle. Spore-Formation and Nuclear Division in the Hepaticse,” Ann. Between 1820 and 1848 a new “ national school ” of writers Bot. ix., 1895. “Recent Advances in Vegetable Cytology,” arose, led by Joseph Jungmann (1773—1847), and includScience Progress, v., 1896. “The Cell and some of its Constituent ing the poets Jan KolMr (1793-1852), J. Kamarjd, Danger, Structures,” Science Progress, 1897.—Fischer. Fixirung, Fdrbung und Bau des Protoplasmas. Jena, 1899.—Flemming. Bubes, and Borovsky (1821-56), the dramatists Turnisk^ Zellsubstanz, Kern und Zellteilung. Leipzig, 1882. “Morphologic and Klicpera, and the novelists Jan Marek and Joseph der Zelle,” Ergebnisse der Anatomic und Entwickelungsgeschichte, Tyl. Jungmann introduced new models by his translations 1896.—Gardiner. “ The Histology of the Cell-Wall, with Special Reference to the Mode of Connexion of Cells,” Proc. Roy. Soc. 62, of British, French, and German literature; the new Czech 1897-98, and his earlier papers there cited ; see also Proc. Camb. drama was largely influenced by Shakespeare, and the novel Phil Soc. ix., 1898. “The Genesis and Development of the Wall by Sir Walter Scott. This “national school” gradually and Connecting Threads in the Plant Cell. Preliminary Com- acquired a Panslavist character, Jungmann himself, the munication,” Proc. Roy. Soc. 66, 1900.—Green. “The Cell philologist V. Hanka (1791-1861), and the historians membrane,” Science Progress, i. (new series), 1897.—Gregoire. “Les Cineses Polliniques chez lesLiliacees,” La Collide, xvi., 1899. P. Saf&rik (1795-1861), Franz Palacky (1798-1876), and —Guignard. “Sur les antherozoides et la double copulation Tornek (who, born in 1818, was still working at his great sexuelle chez les vegetaux angiospermes, ” Comptes-rendus, 128, History of Prague at the end of the century) being the 1899. — Henneguy. Lemons sur La Cellule, Morphologic et Reproduction, Paris, 1896. —0. Hertwig. Die Zelle und die Gewebe. most prominent representatives of this tendency. After Jena, 1893 and 1898. See Eng. ed., London, 1894.—Hirase. 1848 the narrower traditions of the national school gave “Etudes sur la Fecondation et L’Embryogenie du Ginkgo biloba,” way before a spirit of cosmopolitanism, introduced by H. Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Japan, 1895.—Ikeno. “Unter- Macha (1810—76), but much encouraged by the insuchungen liber die Entwickelung der Geschlechtsorgane und den fluence of Byron; the poets H. Halek (1835-74) and Jan Vorgang der Befruchtung bei Cycas revoluta,” Jahr. f. wiss. Botanik, 32, 1898.—Lee. The Microtomist's Vade-Mecum. Neruda (1834-91) being the leading names in this conLondon, 1900.—Macallum. “On the Detection and Localisation nexion. The national and cosmopolitan schools then of Phosphorus in Animal and Vegetable Cells,” Proc. Roy. Soc., became blended in writers of a more eclectic type, like the vol. 63, 1898. — Meyer. Untersuchungen uber die Starke- poets Svatopluk Cech and “ Jaroslav Vrchlicky ” (pseudonym Korner. Jena, 1895.—Montgomery. “ Comparative Cytological for Emil Frida), the latter of whom {h. 1853) published Studies, with especial regard to the Morphology of the Nucleolus,” Jour, of Morphology, 15. Boston, 1899.—Mottier. “Nuclear some twenty volumes of poems, translations, dramas, and and Cell-Division in Dictyota dichotoma,” Ann Bot. xiv., 1900. essays between 1893 and 1900. His epic poem Bar—Nawaschin. “ Resultate einer Revision der Befruchtungs- Kochba, describing the last struggle of the Jews against vorgange bei Lilium martagon und Fritillaria tenella," Bull, de VAcad, des Sci. de St Petersbourg, 1898. “Ueber die Befruch- Rome, is his masterpiece. Between 1890 and 1900 there tungsvorgange bei einigen Dicotyledoneen,” Ber. d. Deut. Bot. was a great increase of literary production of all sorts. Gesell. 18, 1900.—NI.mec. Die Reizleitung und die rcizleitenden Julius Zeyer (6. 1841), besides writing poetry, has Strukturen bei den Pflanzen. Jena, 1901.—Oliver. “On the published many romantic prose stories; and Madame Obliteration of the Sieve-Tubes in Laminariere,” Ann. Bot. i., “Carolina Svjetla ” (pseudonym for Johanna Muzak, b. 1887.—Salter. “Zur niilieren Kenntniss der Starkekorner, ” Pring. Jahr., 1898.—Sargant. “The Formation of the Sexual 1830) is a novelist whose tales portray the life of the Nuclei in Lilium Martagon, I. and IL,” Ann. Bot. x. and xi., people. Among recent Czech dramatists must be men1896-97. “Recent Work on the Results of Fertilization in tioned Stroupeznickjq the brothers Mrstik, Vaclav Vicek, Angiosperms.” Ann. Bot. xiv., 1900. — Schimper. “Sur 1 Amidon et les Leucites,” Ann. des Sci. Nat., 1887.—Scott. and Vaclav Fric (pseudonym “Brodsky,” b. 1829), while “ Development of Articulated Laticiferous Vessels,” Quart. Journ. Adolph Heyduk (6. 1831), has made a name as a poet, Mic. Sci., 1882. “ On the Laticiferous Tissue of Manihot glaziovii and Anton Gindely (1829-92) as a historian. (The Ceara Rubber),” Q. J. M. S., 1884.—Strasburger and Others. Cytologische Studien aus dem Bonner botanischen Ozernowitz (Rumanian, Cernduz), the capital of Institut. ” Jahr. f iir wissensch. Botanik, 30, 1897.—Strasburger. the Austrian duchy of Bukovina. Population, with Histologische Beitrdge, i. to v., Jena. Histologische Beitrdge, suburbs (1869), 33,884; (1890), 54,171 ; (1900), 69,619. vi. Ueber Reduktionstheilung, Spindelbildung, Centrosomen und Cilienbildner im Pflanzenreich. Jena, 1900.—Thomas. “Double There is a garrison of 2965 men. There are several rather Fertilization in a Dicotyledon Caltha Palustris. Ann. Bot. xiv., imposing modern buildings, including the Episcopal Palace 1900. —Wager. “ On Nuclear in the Hymenomycetes,” in Division the Byzantine style, the Greek Orthodox cathedral, the Ann Bot. vii., 1893. “On the Structure and Reproduction of Jesuit church, and a Hebrew temple in the Moorish style. Cystopus Caudidus, Led,” Ann. Bot. x., 1896. “The Nucleus of the Yeast Plant,” Ann. Bot. xii., 1898.—Webber. “The The Francis Joseph University, opened in October 1875, Development of the Antherozoids ofZamia,” Bot. Gaz. 24, 1897. has three faculties: theology (Greek Orthodox), law and —Wilson. The Cell in Development and Inheritance. New politics, and philosophy. The language of instruction is York and London, 1896. (New edition, 1900.)—Zimmermann. Botanical Micro-Technique. Translated by Humphrey. New German. In 1897 there were 41 professors and lecturers York, 1893. “ Sammel - Referate aus dem Gesammtgebiete der and 390 students. The industry (corn-milling and brewZellenlehre,” Beihefte zum Bot. Cent., 1893 and 1894. Die Mor- ing) is unimportant. The trade, which is in the hands of phologic und Physiologic des pflanzlichen Zellkernes. Jena, 1896. the Jews and Armenians, is chiefly in corn, timber, cattle, (H. W*.) hides, wool, and potash.
