in its place the citation “34 CFR 668.23(b)”.
- b. In the parenthetical OMB control number at the end of the section, removing the words “control number 1840–0688” and adding in their place the words “control number 1845–0039”.
- c. Removing the parenthetical authority citation at the end of the section
PART 691 [Removed and Reserved]
- 18. Under the authority of 20 U.S.C. 1221e–3, part 691 is removed and reserved.
[FR Doc. 2021–23423 Filed 10–27–21; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4000–01–P
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
Copyright Office
37 CFR Part 201
[Docket No. 2020–11]
Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies
AGENCY: U.S. Copyright Office, Library of Congress.
ACTION: Final rule.
SUMMARY: In this final rule, the Librarian of Congress adopts exemptions to the provision of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”) that prohibits circumvention of technological measures that control access to copyrighted works. As required under the statute, the Register of Copyrights, following a public proceeding, submitted a recommendation concerning proposed exemptions to the Librarian of Congress (“Register’s Recommendation”). After careful consideration, the Librarian adopts final regulations based upon the Register’s Recommendation.
DATES: Effective October 28, 2021.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Kevin R. Amer, Acting General Counsel and Associate Register of Copyrights, by email at kamer@copyright.gov, or Mark Gray, Attorney-Advisor, by email at mgray@copyright.gov. Each can be contacted by telephone by calling (202) 707–8350.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The Librarian of Congress, pursuant to section 1201(a)(1) of title 17, United States Code, has determined in this eighth triennial rulemaking proceeding that the prohibition against circumvention of technological measures that effectively control access to copyrighted works shall not apply for the next three years to persons who engage in certain noninfringing uses of certain classes of such works. This determination is based upon the Register’s Recommendation.
The below discussion summarizes the rulemaking proceeding and the Register’s recommendations, announces the Librarian’s determination, and publishes the regulatory text specifying the exempted classes of works. A more complete discussion of the rulemaking process, the evidentiary record, and the Register’s analysis with respect to each proposed exemption can be found in the Register’s Recommendation, which is posted at www.copyright.gov/1201/2021/.
I. Background
A. Statutory Requirements
Congress enacted the DMCA in 1998 to implement certain provisions of the WIPO Copyright and WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaties. Among other things, title I of the DMCA, which added a new chapter 12 to title 17 of the U.S. Code, prohibits circumvention of technological measures employed by or on behalf of copyright owners to protect access to their works. In enacting this aspect of the law, Congress observed that technological protection measures (“TPMs”) can “support new ways of disseminating copyrighted materials to users, and … safeguard the availability of legitimate uses of those materials by individuals.”[1]
Section 1201(a)(1) provides in pertinent part that “[n]o person shall circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under [title 17].” Under the statute, to “circumvent a technological measure” means “to descramble a scrambled work, to decrypt an encrypted work, or otherwise to avoid, bypass, remove, deactivate, or impair a technological measure, without the authority of the copyright owner.”[2] A technological measure that “effectively controls access to a work” is one that “in the ordinary course of its operation, requires the application of information, or a process or a treatment, with the authority of the copyright owner, to gain access to the work.”[3]
Section 1201(a)(1) also includes what Congress characterized as a “fail-safe” mechanism,[4] which requires the Librarian of Congress, following a rulemaking proceeding, to exempt any class from the prohibition for a three-year period if she has determined that noninfringing uses by persons who are users of copyrighted works in that class are, or are likely to be, adversely affected by the prohibition against circumvention during that period.[5] The Librarian’s determination to grant an exemption is based upon the recommendation of the Register of Copyrights, who conducts the rulemaking proceeding.[6] The Register consults with the Assistant Secretary for Communications and Information of the Department of Commerce, who oversees the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (“NTIA”), in the course of formulating her recommendations.[7]
Exemptions adopted by rule under section 1201(a)(1) apply only to the conduct of circumventing a technological measure that controls access to a copyrighted work. Other parts of section 1201 address the manufacture and provision of—or “trafficking” in—products and services designed for purposes of circumvention. Section 1201(a)(2) bars trafficking in products and services that are used to circumvent technological measures that control access to copyrighted works (for example, a password needed to open a media file),[8] while section 1201(b) bars trafficking in products and services used to circumvent technological measures that protect the exclusive rights of the copyright owner (for example, technology that prevents the work from being reproduced).[9] The Librarian has no authority to adopt exemptions for the anti-trafficking prohibitions contained in section 1201(a)(2) or (b).[10]
The statute contains certain permanent exemptions to permit specified uses. These include section 1201(d), which exempts certain activities of nonprofit libraries, archives, and educational institutions; section 1201(e), which exempts “lawfully authorized investigative, protective, information security, or intelligence activity” of a state or the federal
- ↑ Staff of H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 105th Cong., Section-by-Section Analysis of H.R. 2281 as Passed by the United States House of Representatives on August 4, 1998, at 6 (Comm. Print 1998).
- ↑ 17 U.S.C. 1201(a)(3)(A).
- ↑ 17 U.S.C. 1201(a)(3)(B).
- ↑ See H.R. Rep. No. 105–551, pt. 2, at 36 (1998).
- ↑ See 17 U.S.C. 1201(a)(1).
- ↑ 17 U.S.C. 1201(a)(1)(C).
- ↑ Id.
- ↑ 17 U.S.C. 1201(a)(2).
- ↑ 17 U.S.C. 1201(b).
- ↑ See 17 U.S.C. 1201(a)(1)(E) (“Neither the exception under subparagraph (B) from the applicability of the prohibition contained in subparagraph (A), nor any determination made in a rulemaking conducted under subparagraph (C), may be used as a defense in any action to enforce any provision of this title other than this paragraph.”).
