voices and classes, one or all of the following five changes are necessary:—
1. Append the characteristic termination—
-ina, -ana, or -ena, for the indicative mood passive voice; -ana, and -ena, for the indicative mood relative voice.
-o (or -y, if o is already contained in the root) for the imperative mood of all relative verbs and of passives in a-, -ina, and -ana.
-a (in a few cases -e) for the imperative of a root, and for all active imperatives.
2. Move the accent one syllable forward. Exceptions:—when the root has one syllable only; when the root has two syllables, the second being accented; when the root has two syllables, the second ending in -na, -ka, or -tra.
3. For roots in -na, -ka, and -tra, a change occurs in the consonant preceding the characteristic termination: k becomes h or f; tr becomes r, t, or f; n (often) becomes m.
4. Insert s, v, or z, before the characteristic termination.
5. Alter a vowel, usually of the accented syllable; as, i (or y) into a or e, and ai into e.
ia (that is, i of the root and a of the affix) are sometimes contracted into e; as, root vonjy, passive vonjìana contracted into vonjèna.
Rule for choosing which voice (active or passive) is to be used:—When "the agent and his act" are most in your thoughts, choose the active voice; when "the result of the
