304 THE BOURBON AGE In spite of the military successes of the Polish commander John Sobieski, who was afterwards raised to the Polish throne, the Turks obtained possession of the province of Podolia for themselves. But further opportunities of aggression were provided by Hungary. The Emperor Leopold ruled oppressively in that H portion of Hungary which was still retained by Austria. Hungary revolted, with encouragement from France which was now at war with the emperor, as well as from Poland and Transylvania. The revolutionary leader Turks besiege allied himself with the Turks, and for the second Vienna, 1683. time the Ottomans marched on Vienna. The treaty of Nimeguen had put an end for the time being to the war between Leopold and Louis, but the emperor was without trustworthy allies until he succeeded in winning the support of John Sobieski, who was now King of Poland. Vienna was besieged by a vast army, but Sobieski advanced to its relief and inflicted an overwhelming rout on the Turkish forces. This was followed up by a further attack, no less successful, on the Turks in Hungary. Venice joined with the empire, and the Turks met with a series of reverses while Hungary was sternly punished for its rebellion, and Transylvania was again brought under the Austrian sovereignty. In 1688 the Imperialists captured Belgrade. In spite of the renewed out- break of war between France and the emperor, the Imperialists continued for a time to win victories. Then came a period of Last years Turkish successes while the best of the Austrian of Turkish generals were engaged in fighting the French. At aggression. j ast) however, in 1697 Prince Eugene was set free to take command, and won a great victory at Zenta, while the Russian Tsar Peter the Great was attacking them on the north- east. The treaty of Carlowitz in 1699 brought the war to an end. Austria recovered practically all Hungary ; Poland recovered Podolia, and Russia retained Azof on the Black Sea which she had seized. Turkey retained Belgrade which she had recaptured. The war with Austria was not renewed till 17 16, when Eugene's victory at Peterwardein deprived the Turks of their
