NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS 41 Cyrus the Persian in Media 550 Darius, King of Persia . 521 Confucius born in China . 551 Kings expelled from Rome. 509 Conquest of Lydia . . 546 Tyrants expelled from Fall of Babylon . . -539 Athens . . . .510 Cambyses conquers Egypt . 525 The Ionic Revolt . . 500 LEADING NAMES Cheops — Sargon — Hammurabi — Aahmes — Amenhotep IV.— Thothmes III.— Rameses II.— Rameses III. — Nebuchadnezzar I. — David — Manu — Ashurnasirpal — Ben-hadad — Romulus — Tiglath- pileser IV. —Sennacherib— Tirhakah— Psammetichus— Sardanapalus — Cyaxares— Nabopolassar— Nebuchadnezzar II.— Croesus— Naboni- dus — Cyrus — Cambyses — Darius— Solon — Pisistratus — Hippias — Buddha — Confucius. NOTES Races. (1) Among the divisions of mankind, three main stocks are definitely marked out from each other and from the rest : the Semitic, the Negro, and the Aryan. The Aryan stock has two Asiatic branches, the Indian and the Persian ; and five main European branches, appearing historically in order— Hellenic, Italian, Celtic, Teutonic, Slavonic. (2) A fourth pre-Semitic and pre-Aryan stock may have covered the whole region encircling the Mediterranean, but as to this we can only make more or less plausible guesses. But it is clear that both Semites and Aryans, wherever they went, found peoples before them who were certainly not negroes. The most prominent sub- divisions of these would be the Egyptians, the Libyans or Berbers in North Africa, the Iberians in Western Europe, and the Etruscans in Italy. Probably, though by no means certainly, the earliest organised civilisations known in Greece and Asia Minor should be connected with this group. (3) The term Mongolian is unfortunately used in a very confused way, both (a) for one particular branch of a larger group of races (b) to which the same name is given, and for (c) all the races the formation of whose skulls have certain characteristics, whether pre-Aryan and pre-Semitic, or post-Aryan and post-Semitic. Now if we use the term in the second of these senses, we find included under it (a) the Chinese proper, who had probably established a civilisation in the far east five or six thousand years ago ; and probably the Sumerians ; 0) Nomadic races inhabiting Central Asia which from time to time have hurled themselves against the civilised states, after the Aryan migrations were ended ; these would include the Huns, the Avars, the Magyars, and the Bulgarians, who successively burst
