Remarks on the Pronominal Cases . . .51 31
Relative and Correlative Pronouns . . . 52 32
Interrogatives . . . . . 53 33
Idiomatic use of kya . . '. . .54 33
Indefinite Pronouns . . . . .55 34
The Pronouns Ap: (1) Reflexive . . . 56 34
„ „ (2) Respectful . . 57 35
Reciprocal Pronouns . . . . 58 36
Possessive ,, . . . . . 59 36
Pronominal Adjectives . . . . 60 36
Compound Pronominal Adjectives . . . 61 37
CHAPTER III.—The Veer.
The three Classes, three Moods, three Tenses . . 62 38
The Gerund or Infinitive . . . . . 63 39
Three Verbal Nouns . . . , . 64 39
Three Simple Participles . . . . . 65 40
Three Compound Participles . . . 66 40
The Verb hona conjugated . . . . 67 41
The Verb jana conjugated . . . . 68 47
The Transitive Verb mama . . . . 69 51
The idiom of Transitive Past Tenses . . .70 55
The Verb karna conjugated . . . . 71 55
The Passive Voice; its idioms . . . .72 61
Passive and Active Verbs contrasted . . .73 61
Mara jana conjugated . . . . . 74 62
Causal Verbs . . . . . . 75 66
Different ways of forming Causals . . .76 66
List of Causal and doubly Causal Verbs . . . 77 70
Denominatives and other Derivative Verbs . . 78 77
Examples of different classes of such . . .79 77 Para. Page
Nominal Compound Verbs preferred . . 80 78
Compound Verbs . . . . . . 81 79
Different ways of forming Compound Verbs . 82 79
(1) Intensives . . . . . 83 80
(2) Potentials . . . . . 84 80
(3) Completives . . . . . 85 80
The first words in these Compounds—Root or
Participle?. . . . . 86 81
(4) Coutinuatives . . . . . 87 82
(5) Staticals . . . . . 88 83
(6), (7) Frequentatives and Desideratives . 89 84
(8) Inceptives . . . . . 90 85
(9), (10) Permissives and Acquisitives '. . .91 85
(11) Reiteratives . . . . . 92 85
(12) Nominals, etc. . . . . . 93 86
CHAPTER IV.—Particles.
Adverbs ....... 94 88
The Philological Harp . . . . . 95 88
Adverbs of Time, Place, and Number . . . 96 90
Arabic and Persian Adverbs . . . 97 92
Compound Adverbs . . . . . 98 93
Prepositions and Postpositions . . . . 99 93
List of Persian and Arabic ditto .... 100 95
Lists of those governing the Masc. and Fem. Genitive . 101 96
Genuine Prepositions . . . . .102 97
Conjunctions.
List of Classified Conjunctions .... 103 97
Interjections.
Classified List . .... 104 98
SYNTAX.
CHAPTER V.—Concord And Government.
Para. Page
1. Idiomatic order of words in Sentences . . . 105 100
The Predicate—how divided . . . .106 101
Special Rules as to order of words .- . . 107 102
Cases of exceptional order .... 108 102
The Place of Demonstrative Pronouns . . 109 103
„ Adverbs . . . .110 103
,, Conjunctions . . . .111 103
2. Concord—(1) Of Adjectives and Nouns . . 112 104
(2) Of Verbs and their Subject . .113 105
Special cases—(a) Classes differing . 114 105
(4) Arabic broken Plurals . .115 106
(c) Two or more Subjects to one Verb . 116 106
3. Government . . . . . . 117 107
The Article—Substitutes for . . . . 118 108
Syntax op Surstantives.
(1) The Nominative Case . . . . 119 109
Used as a Predicative . . .120 109
Used absolutely . . -. .121 109
(2) The Agent—with object in Nominative . . 122 110
With object in Dat. Accus. form . . 123 111
Constructed with Active and Neuter Verbs . 124 111
Verbs, Neuter in English, Active in Urdu, and vice versa 125 112
Construction with Neuter and Active Verbs in same
sentence . . . . . . 126 112
(3) The Genitive Case—The three forms . . 127 113
Generally precedes governing words . 128 113
Used to express dependence on other words . 129 113
Used to express a variety of relationship . 130 113
Used partitively .... 131 114 Para. Page
Used for other Cases . . .132 114
Used to express intensity . . . 133 115
Used with weights and measures . . 134 115
Used as an Adjective . . .135 115
Used in certain Adjectives governing Gen. . 136 116
The case of Genitives in Predicate clauses . 137 116
Used with Verbs signifying ' to hear' . 138 117
or'to fill,'etc. . 139 118
(4) The Dative Case—Primary use . . .140 118
Used with Verbs of buying and selling . 141 118
Used with the Gerund or Infinitive . 142 119
Used with chahiye and the like . . 143 119
Used with hona, parna, etc. . . 144 120
Used to express possession . . . 145 120
Used to express time indefinitely . . 146 120
Used to express the English'at,' 'on' . 147 121
(5) The Accusative Case—Two forms . . 148 121
When the Nominative form should be used . 149 121
When the Dative form should be used . 150 121
With Nominal Compound Verbs, etc. . 151 122
With Verbs governing two Accusatives . 152 122
May sometimes stand first in Sentences . 153 122
The Factitive Accusative . . .154 123
Construction, when Verb is in the Passive . 155 123
(6) The Ablative Case—so-called . . .156 123
Used in comparisons . . . 157 124
Used with Verbs signifying distance, etc. . 158 124
Signifying asking, telling, etc. . . . 159 124
Signifying abandoning, denying, etc. . 160 124
Signifying attraction to, meeting, etc. . 161 125
Generally expresses ' from' or ' with' . 162 125
Sometimes ' for' (a time or cause) . . 163 125
Often denotes the instrument or means . 164 126 Para. Page
Barely the Agent . . . .165 126
Used in the difference or resemblance between . 166 126
Used in mode or manner of doing . . 167 126
Idiomatic use and omission of se . . . 168 127
(7) The Locative Case . . . . . 169 128
Formed by men, par, or tak . . . 170 128
Men, when and how used . . . 171 128
Par, when and how used . . . 172 130
Tak or talak, when and how used . . 173 131
(8) The Vocative Case . . . . . 174 132
Its place and qualifying words . . .175 132
CHAPTER VI.—Syntax Of Adjectives. 176 133
Their place in sentences ..... 177 133
Used as Substantives and idiomatically . . .178 133
The Adjectival termination sd . . .179 134
The Adverbial Affix sa, different (?) . . .180 135
Degrees of Comparison (Arabic) .... 181 135
Syntax of Numerals—Cardinals .... 182 136
Rules of Concord in case of Numerals . . . 183 136
CHAPTER VII.—Syntax Op Pronouns.
(1) Personal Pronouns . . . 184 138
Their place in a sentence and verbal concord . . 185 138
Two forms for one case utilized .... 186 138
Pronouns in apposition with other words . . . 187 139
„ with enclitic Particles . . . .188 139
Remarks on Colloquial uses of Pronouns . . 189 140
(2) Demonstrative Pronouns . . . 190 141
When the Nom. and Dat. forms of Objective Case to be used 191 141
(3) The Relative Pronoun . . .192 142
