and Sentimeitts. 295 and other herbs/* 'cre in ule, but moftly, except the creffes, with Latin names. We have long hfts of flowering plants in the Anglo-Saxon vocabu- laries, but as they are often difficult to identify, and, being chiefly enumerated for their medicinal qualities, are moltly wild plants, they throw little light on the character of the flower-garden. For the garden rofe and the lily they ufed the Roman names rofe and rdie ; the latter appears to have been an efpecially favourite flower among the Anglo- Saxons. Among other plants, evidently belonging to the garden, are futhernwood, fnthcrnc-wude, the turnfole or funflower, called Jigel-hirerfe (the gem-turned) or fn/Jlece (which is merely the Latin folfeqinum), the violet {clcBfre), the marigold, called read-clcefre, the gilliflower, huit- clivfrc, the periwinkle, pervincce, the honeyfuckle, hunig-fucle, the piony, for which the Anglo-Saxons had only the Latin word pionia, the daify, dceges-eage, and the laur-heam, which was perhaps the bay-tree rather than the laurel. The chief fruit of the Anglo-Saxons was undoubtedly the apple, the name of which, ceppel, belongs to their language. The tree was called an apidder, and the only varieties mentioned are the furme/ji apulder, or louring apple-tree, and the fwite apuhhr, or fvveeting apple-tree. Tlie Anglo-Saxons had orchards containing only apple-trees, to which they gave the name of an apulder^tun, or apple-tree garden j of the fruit of which they made what they called, and we ftill call, cider, and which they alfo called ceppel-whi, or apple-v ine. They appear to have received the pear from the Romans, as its name pera, a pear, and pirhra, a pear-tree, was evidently taken from pirns. They had alfo derived from the Roman gardens, no doubt, the cherry-tree {cyrf-trcow, or ciris-leam, pasdia of Gardening'" (edition of 1850), was not aware that the leek had been cultivated in England before the time of Tiisser, the latter half of the sixteenth century (p. «54) ; and states that garlic "has been cultivated in this country since 1548" (p- 855); and that the radish is "an annual, a native of China, and was mentioned by Gerard in 1584" (p. 846).
- Loudon (p. 887) was not aware that the cultivation of sage dated farther
back than the time of Gerard, who wrote in 1597, and he could trace back to no older date the cultivation of rue. the
