novels which were distinguished for their severe art and remarkable psychological penetration and realism. He settled in England in 1880, was naturalized in 1915 to show his admiration of England s share in the War, and received the Order of Merit on January 1, 1916. James had been brought up a Swedenborgian, his father being an American clergyman of that sect, and he remained throughout life somewhat mystic, though quite outside Christianity. His friend W. D. Howells says that his "piety" was "too large for any ecclesiastical limits" (Literary Friends and Acquaintance, p. 266). He rejected the Swedenborgian and every other creed, and had no sympathy with Spiritualism ; but he " liked to think " (as he put it) that there was some ground for the belief in immortality (see his paper in the American symposium, In After Days, ch. ix). D. Feb. 28, 1916.
James, Professor William, M.D., LL.D., Ph.D., Litt.D., American psycho logist; brother of preceding. B. Jan. 11, 1842. Ed. private tutors in America and Europe, Lawrence Scientific School, and Harvard University. James was appointed teacher of physiology and anatomy at Harvard in 1872, and of psychology and philosophy in 1878. From 1880 to 1907 he was professor at Harvard, at first of psychology, later of philosophy. His thorough training in physiology had a most useful effect upon his psychology (Principles of Psychology, 1890 ; Text-Book of Psychology, 1892), and he did great service in stressing the empirical element in his science ; but when he confronted religious questions he advocated Prag- matism (The Will to Believe, 1897). His early Swedenborgian training clung to him, yet he was bold and very heterodox. His conception of God was so vague that he expressly called himself Polytheistic rather than Theistic (in the last section of Varieties of Religious Experience, 1902, and in his Hibbert Lectures, A Pluralistic Universe, 1907), and he wrote very disdainfully about the Christian idea of God. He dabbled much in the more refined forms of Spiritu- alism, but he is inaccurately quoted as a Spiritualist, though he believed in the existence of spiritual beings. Most of his Spiritualist inquiries excited his contempt, and to the end he never attained a clear conviction of personal immortality. In his Ingersoll Lecture, Human Immortality (1908), he makes no plain profession of belief in it, and he says : " I have to confess that my own personal feeling about immor- tality has never been of the keenest order " (p. 13). He was, in short, very sceptical and quite outside Christianity, though his Pragmatism dissociated him from Eation- alism in the ordinary sense. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the Koyal Danish Academy of Sciences, and a corresponding member of the French Institute and the Eoyal Prussian Academy of Sciences. D. Aug. 27, 1910.
Jameson, The Right Honourable Sir Leander Starr, M.D., C.B., P.C., physician and soldier. B. 1853. Ed. London Uni- versity. He was for a time house surgeon and demonstrator of anatomy, but the state of his health compelled him to go to South Africa, and he settled in practice at Kim- berley. Becoming an intimate friend of Cecil Ehodes, he was in 1891 appointed Administrator of Ehodesia, and he organized the campaign against the Matabele in 1893. On Dec. 29, 1895, he invaded the Transvaal with six hundred men, and he was im- prisoned for ten months. He afterwards fought in the South African War. Elected to the Cape Colony Assembly in 1902, he took a commanding position in it, and was Premier from 1904 to 1908. He was called to the Privy Council in 1907, and created baronet in 1911. Jameson was an Agnostic. His biographer, G. Seymour Fort, says: " With his natural, fine ethical character, and his clear practical reasoning, he early divorced himself from any theological or metaphysical leanings, and devoted his energy to the scientific study of his pro-
