NOVIKOV
O BEIEN
business world at Boston, but continued
in his leisure to cultivate a fine literary
taste. During the Civil War he edited the
Loyal Publication Society s papers, and
from 1864 to 1868 he was associated with
J. E. Lowell in the control of the North
American Review. From 1875 to 1898 he
was professor of the history of art at
Harvard University ; and he was first
President of the Archaeological Institute of
America and member of the American
Academy of Arts and Letters. He trans
lated Dante s New Life (1867) and Divine
Comedy (2 vols., 1891-92), and wrote a
number of volumes (including his fine
History of Ancient Art, 1891). Professor
Norton was one of the most cultivated
Americans of his generation, and he had
an excellent influence on its standard of
culture. He was a friend of Sir L.
Stephen, who owed the title Essays on
Freethinking and Plainspeaking to him.
Stephen dedicated the book to him, and
says in one of his letters that Norton and
Morley are the only two men from whom
he expects perfect agreement about religion
(Life of Leslie Stephen, 1906, p. 235).
Stephen s letters to him imply that he
is a brother-Agnostic with the most
disdainful feeling towards Christianity
(pp. 245, 247, etc.). D. Oct. 21, 1908.
NOYIKOY, Yakov, Eussian sociologist. B. Sep. 29, 1849. Ed. Florence, Naples, and Odessa Universities. Novikov studied law, but the fascination of Italy drew him to art and letters, and from these he later turned to sociology. He settled at Odessa, and wrote a number of important socio logical works. He was President of the first International Sociological Congress, and one of the leading Eussian Pacifists (War and its Alleged Benefits, Eng. trans., 1912). His Eationalist views appear in his La justice et I expansion de la vie (1905), and he has taken part in various International Freethought Congresses.
NOYES, Rufus King, M.D., American physician. B. May 24, 1853. Ed. privately, 561
at Atkinson Academy, and Dartmouth
Medical College. Graduating in 1875, he
was appointed house-surgeon at the Boston
City Hospital, and he later had a very
prosperous practice. Dr. Noyes made
some name by reform in medical practice,
and wrote a number of popular medical
works. He is a Materialist (Putnam s
Four Hundred Years of Freethought, p. 781),
and makes open profession of his views in
his Science and Art of Ignorance ; or, the
Conspiracy of Christian Ministers, Priests,
and Theologians Against Humanity.
NYSTROM, Anton Kristen, Ph.D., M.D., Swedish writer. B. Feb. 15, 1842. Ed. Upsala, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Berlin, Vienna, Paris, and London. Nystrom settled in medical practice at Stockholm ; but he adopted the Positivist creed and took an active part in public life. He founded a branch of the Posi tivist Society in 1879, and the Workmen s Institute at Stockholm in 1880. He has edited the Positivist Hymn Book and written a number of Positivist works. Dr. Nystrom is, however, also an active Eationalist and a member of the Free- thought Federation of Sweden. His views are chiefly expressed in his important history of civilization (Allmdn Kultur- historia, 6 vols., 1886-93) and his Kris- tendom o. den Friatanken (1908). See also Anton Nystrom (1891), by C. E. Farnell. He is one of the foremost cham pions of Eationalism in Sweden. There is an English translation of his Before, During, and After 1914 (1915).
O BRIEN, James (" Bronterre O Brien "), Irish agitator. B. 1805. Ed. Trinity College, Dublin. He entered Gray s Inn in 1830, and was called to the bar, but the advanced movements of the time attracted him, and he became a lecturer and journalist. In 1831 he began to edit H. Hetherington s unstamped paper, The Poor Man s Guardian, and under the pseudonym of " Bronterre O Brien," by which he became generally known, he 562
