VAPEREAU
VATKE
aroused his enthusiasm, and, after a fruit
less period as liberal Catholic, he adopted
a definite attitude of hostility to the Papacy
and quitted the Church. He engaged in
political journalism, and was in 1848
Tuscan ambassador to the Eoman Republic.
At the restoration of the Papacy he fled
to Switzerland, then to France, where he
began his chief work, La Storia dell Italia
antica (4 vols., 1884). Returning to Italy
in 1854, he collaborated on the Archivio
Storico Italiano and the Rivista di Firenze,
and after a time became editor of the latter.
In 1859 he was elected Deputy, and later
Senator. He was appointed professor of
Latin literature at Florence, then at Pisa ;
and was admitted to the Accademia dei
Lincei. Vannucci s Martiri della libertd
Italiana (2 vols., 1887) is an enthusiastic
account of the struggle with the Papacy.
D. June 9, 1883.
YAPEREAU, Louis GustaYe, French writer. B. Apr. 4, 1819. Ed. Orleans Seminary and Ecole Normale. Vapereau had begun to study for the Church, but he abandoned the clerical career and creed. In 1842 he became private secretary to Victor Cousin, and collaborated with him in writing some of his works. From 1842 to 1852 he taught philosophy. He lost his position through his advanced opinions, and studied law. He was called to the Bar at Paris in 1854, but he deserted law in turn and devoted himself to letters. He contributed to the Liberte de Penser. In 1870 he was appointed Prefect of Cantal, and from 1871 to 1873 was Prefect of Tarn et Garonne. From 1877 to 1888 he was Inspector of Public Instruction. He was admitted to the Legion of Honour in 1878. He founded, and edited for eleven years, the Annee Litteraire et Dramatique, compiled the Dictionnaire Universel des Contemporains (1858 which in its later editions is still one of the best of the French biographical dictionaries) and the Dictionnaire Universel des Litteratures (1876), and wrote a number of literary works. D. Apr. 18, 1906.
831
YARISCO, Professor Bernardo, Italian
philosopher. B. 1850. Varisco is professor
of philosophy at Pavia University. He is
a Critical Idealist or Neo-Kantian (Scienza
e Opinioni, 1901 ; Le mie opinione, 1903 ;
Corpo e animo, 1903 ; etc.). He departs
from Kant s personal Theism, and is a
Pantheist ; and he rejects the idea of
personal immortality.
YARNHAGEN YON ENSE, Karl August Ludwig Philipp, German writer. B. Feb. 21, 1785. Ed. Halle, Berlin, and Tubingen Universities. Though he was trained in medicine and philosophy, he turned to letters, and became associate editor of Chamisso s Musenalmanach. In 1809 he joined the Austrian army against Napoleon, and in 1813 the Russian army. In 1814 he entered the Prussian diplomatic service, and was in the following year appointed Prussian Minister at Carlsruhe. He returned to letters, and wrote several books on his military experiences. He married a very talented young Jewess, and settled at Berlin, where their salon was a meeting-place of leaders in science, art, and letters. Heine, who was often there, proposed to wear a collar round his neck with the inscription : " I belong to Mme. Varnhagen." Besides a volume of verse Varnhagen published a very fine study of Goethe (Goethe in den Zeugnissen der Mitlebenden, 1824) and other biographies. When his wife died his work on her comprised seven volumes ; and he left in manuscript a valuable Diary in fourteen volumes. His admirable style was modelled on that of Goethe, of whom, as well as of A. von Humboldt, he had been a warm friend. He was, like them, a thorough Rationalist, as his Diary and letters to Humboldt testify. D. Oct. 10, 1858.
YATKE, Johann Karl Wilhelm, D.D.,
German theologian. B. Mar. 14, 1806. Ed. Helmstedt Gymnasium, and Halle, Gottingen, and Berlin Universities. After teaching theology privately for some years at Berlin, where he was much influenced 832
