ZANGWILL
ZEEFFI
He returned to the Ministry of Justice in
1887, completed Italy s new Criminal Code,
and made great reforms in the adminis
tration of justice. In 1894, 1896, and 1898
he was President of the Camera, and in
1901 he became Premier. Zanardelli made
great efforts, in face of violent Papal
hostility, to pass a measure of divorce ;
but his health was failing, and he had to
retire in November, 1903. D. Dec. 21,
1903.
ZANGWILL, Israel, B.A., writer. B. 1864. Ed. elementary schools (" practically self-educated," he says). He, however, graduated with Honours at London Uni versity, and became a teacher. From the school he passed to journalism, and for a time edited Ariel. His novels (especially his Ghetto stories Children of the Ghetto, 1892, etc.), essays, poems, and plays (The Melting Pot, 1908, etc.) have given him a distinguished position in English letters ; and he has lectured in the United Kingdom, United States, Holland, and Jerusalem. He is President of the International Jewish Territorial Organization, Vice-President of the League of World-Friendship, and a member of the Committee of the World s Court League. As a writer of the West minster Gazette said in reviewing his Italian Fantasies : " The axe he wields is reason, tempered and edged ; and the hope he burns with is the hope of mankind freed
from the shackles of its own contriving
from the religions that lie strangled in the toils of their creeds." His Eationalism is so plainly expressed in his play The Next Religion (1912) that the Lord Chamberlain forbade the public performance of it.
ZARCO, Francisco, Mexican writer and politician. B. Dec. 4, 1829. Zarco edited the Siglo XIX and the Ilustraeion, and gave strong support to the Liberals. He was elected to Congress in 1855, and was imprisoned by the triumphant Clericals in 1860. When Juarez came to power he made Zarco a Secretary of State and Presi dent of the Council. D. Dec. 29, 1869. 913
ZELLER, Professor Eduard, German
philosopher and historian. B. Jan. 22,
1814. Ed. Tubingen and Berlin Univer
sities. In 1840 he began to teach theology
at Tiibingen. His views were so liberal
that he made no progress there, and in
1847 he was, in spite of heavy clerical
hostility, appointed professor of theology
at Berne. Zeller was a close friend of
D. F. Strauss, and shared his views. He
passed to Marburg in 1849, but he presently
abandoned theology for philosophy, his
Rationalist views putting him outside the
Lutheran creed. Up to this period he had
been a follower of Hegel, and professed to
be a liberal Protestant. The study of
Greek philosophy completed his humani
tarian conversion, and he became the
standard writer on that subject (Die
Philosophic der Griechen, 3 vols., 1844-52 ;
Grundriss der Geschichte der Griechischen
Philosophie, 1883; etc.). In 1862 he
was appointed professor of philosophy at
Heidelberg, and in 1872 at Berlin, where
he lectured with great prestige until 1895.
He was made Privy Councillor in 1894,
and was loaded with academic honours.
His views are best read in his D. F. Strauss
in seinem Leben und seinen Schriften
geschildert (1874 ; English translation same
year) and Friedrich der grosse als Philosoph
(1886). D. Mar. 19, 1908.
ZERFFI, George Gustavus, historian. B. (Hungary) 1821. Ed. Buda-Pesth. Zerffi was editor of the Ungar when the revolution of 1848 broke out, and he joined the insurgent army. At the failure of the revolution in 1849 he fled to England and was naturalized. He found employment in the Art Department at South Kensing ton, and in 1868 he was appointed lecturer in connection with the South Kensington schools. He lectured chiefly on house decoration and history. In 1876 he pub lished an esteemed and popular Manual of the Historical Development of Art ; but his interest in general history increased, and he wrote a number of important works on it (The Science of History, 1879 ; Studies
914 2H*
