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t d are produced by the tip of the tongue on the hard gum near the roots of the upper teeth. Contact is broken gradually and an incipient spirans makes itself heard after the consonant.
s = Eng. sh, Germ. sch,
zh = French g in such words as rouge,
k like in Eng. kin, Ger. kind.
g like Eng. give, Ger. gid. As in the case of t d so k g break contact slowly and produce a slight following spirans.
ŋ = Eng. winged, Germ. ging but without the auslaut palatal k, g, which is often heard both in English and German.
c = Ger, ich.
y = Eng. anlaut y, Germ. j.
ᴋ like guttural c in Eng. cow, Ger. kuh.
ᴄ = guttural ch in Ger. ach, kuchen.
ʏ = Ger. g in words like wagen.
ɴ = ng in Eng. longed, Ger. lang but without a following guttural consonant, as sometimes in Eng. long—g, Ger. lang—k.
l′ is the reduction of l the ordinary slender consonant.
It is a ly or yl sound like Italian gl heard in conjunction with y as in ghleo, The reduction of ʟ will be distinguished occasionally by l′.
ʀ represents rr, and r unaffected in anlaut,
r′ its reduction, and slender r in auslaut — aire, anlaut gr-, pr-, br-.
r the ordinary sound.
Vowels.
a = short open a as in Eng. cat as pronounced in Ireland, Ger. kann.
ā the same sound lengthened. Ger. malen.
ȧ = Eng. what,
ǡ = Eng. fall.
ᴇ, always long is like Ger. ö sounded deep in the relaxed
