Code as a whole is later than Ezekiel is proved by the fact that the division between priests and Levites, which is unknown to the writer of Deut., and of which we find the origin and justification in Ezk. 446-16, is presupposed as already established (Nu. 3. 4. 8, etc.). It is possible, however, that that distinction belongs to a stratum of the legislation not included in Pg; in which case Pg might very well be earlier than Ezk., or even than the Exile. The question does not greatly concern us here. For the understanding of Genesis, it is enough to know that Pg, both in its theological conceptions and its attitude towards the national tradition, represents a phase of thought much later than J and E.
The view that Pg was written before the Exile (in the end of the
7th cent.) is advocated by Procksch (l.c. 319 ff.), who reduces this
part of P to narrower limits than most critics have done. He regards
it as an essentially historical work, of considerable literary merit, embracing
hardly any direct legislation except perhaps the Law of Holiness
(Ph), and recognising the priestly status of the entire tribe of Levi, just
as in Dt. (Nu. 1716-24 and Ph in its original form). If that fact could be
established, it would go far to show that the document is older than
Ezk. It is admitted both by Kuenen and Wellhausen (Prol.6 116) that
the disparity of priests and Levites is accentuated in the later strata of
P as compared with Pg, but that it is not recognised in Pg is not clear.
As to pre-Exilic origin, the positive arguments advanced by Pro. are
not very cogent; and it is doubtful whether, even on his own ground,
he has demonstrated more than the possibility of so early a date. In
Genesis, the only fact which points in that direction is one not mentioned
by Pro.: viz. that the priestly Table of Nations in ch. 10 bears internal
evidence of having been drawn up some considerable time before the
5th century B.C. (p. 191 below); but that may be sufficiently explained
by the assumption that the author of Pg made use of pre-existing documents
in the preparation of his work.
The last distinguishable stage in the formation of the
Pent. is the amalgamation of P with the older documents,—in
Genesis the amalgamation of Pg with JE. That this
process has left traces in the present text is quite certain
a priori; though it is naturally difficult to distinguish
redactional changes of this kind from later explanatory
glosses and modifications (cf. 67 77. 22. 23 1024 2746 etc.). The
aim of redactor was, in general, to preserve the ipsissima