ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE. 21^ older monasteries in England belonged to this order, Canterbury (No. ii8 b) and Westminster Abbey (No. 127) being the chief establishments. The usual arrangement consisted of a square cloister having on one side a church of cruciform plan with aisles, the transept forming a part of one side of the cloisters. The refectory was usually parallel to the nave, on the opposite side of the cloister. The dormitory was generally placed on another side with a stair- case in connection with the church for night services. The manuscript plan existing in the Library of the monastery of S. Gall, in Switzerland, is interesting as showing what was considered a typical plan of the buildings of this order (page 261). (2.) The Cluniac order wa.s founded in a. d. 909, the celebrated Abbey at Cluny being the headquarters. The plan was especially notable for double transepts, a feature which was adopted in many English Cathedrals, as at Lincoln (No. 117 f) and Salisbury (No. 117 e). (3.) The Cistercian order was founded in a.d. 1098, at Citeaux, in Burgundy. In plan, the typical church was divided into three parts transversely by screens, walls, or steps. There were frequently no aisles. The transepts were short, as also was the eastern arm of the cross, and the choir extended westward of the transepts. There was an absence of towers and painted glass. The influence of the Cistercian foundation extended to various countries of Europe. In England the most important were Furness, Fountains, Roche, and Kirkstall Abbeys. (4.) The Angnstinian order differed little from the Benedictine. It was introduced into England in a.d i 105, and Bristol, Carlisle, and Oxford Cathedrals were founded by this order. (5.) The Premonstratensian order was instituted at Premontre, in Picardy, in a.d. 1119, and Castle Acre Priory in England is an example. (6.) The Carthusian order was founded by S. Bruno, about A.D. 1080, the chief French establishment being the Grande Chartreuse, near Grenoble, others being Vauvert, Clermont in Auvergne, Villefranche de Rouergue, and Montrieux. Two churches were preferred, one for the monks and the other for the people. In plan the typical feature was the great rectangular cloister, surrounded by an arcade on which the monks' cells opened, each being self-contained and with its own garden. By the rules of the order, speech was interdicted, and the Carthusian must work, eat and drink in solitude. Such a regime explains the extreme severity of their architecture. In Italy the establish- ments at Florence and the Certosa near Pavia, and in England, the Charterhouse, London, were the most important. (7.) The military orders included the Knights Templars and Hospitallers. The churches of the Templars were circular
