ITALIAN (central) ROMANESQUE. 23I 3. EXAMPLES. Pisa Cathedral (a.d. 1063-1092) is a fine example of the style (Nos. 9 1 and 92), the interior, with rows of columns and flat ceiling recalling the Early Christian Basilican church, but the transepts with segmental apse at each end were an advance on thq, Basilican plan. Over the crossing or intersection of nave and transepts is an elliptical dome of later date. Externally, blind arcades built in stripes of red and white marble, ornament the fa9ades, which also have small open arcades, one above the other, producing a fine impression (No. 91). The building depends for its artistic effect upon the beauty and interest of its ornamental features rather than the promise of logical development into a new style which a northern example possesses. The Campanile (Bell Tower), Pisa (a.d. 1172), is a circular structure 52 feet in diameter, ornamented with eight stories of arcades (No. 91). During its erection the foundations gave way, thus causing the tower to lean about 1 1 feet from the vertical. The Baptistery, Pisa (Nos. 70 g and gi), designed by Dioti Salvi in a.d. 1153, is circular, 129 feet in diameter, with encircling aisle in two stories. Built of marble, it is surrounded externally on the lower story by half columns, connected by semicircular arches, above which is an open arcade in two heights, supported on small detached shafts. It was not completed till a.d. 1278, and has Gothic additions of the fourteenth century, in consequence of which it is not easy to ascertain what the original external design really was. The structure is crowned by an outer hemispherical dome, through which penetrates a conical dome 60 feet in diameter over the central space, and supported on four piers and eight columns. Thus, if there were another internal hemispherical cupola, it would resemble the constructive scheme of S. Paul, London (No. 253 b). This Baptistery bears remarkable similarity to the church of S. Donato (ninth century) at Zara, in Dalmatia, which, however, has a space only 30 feet in diameter. S. Michele, Lucca (a.d. ii88, fa9ade 1288), and S. Martino, Lucca (a.d. 1060-1070, fa9ade 1204), bear considerable similarity to the architecture of Pisa, the reason being that Lucca belonged to that city when most of its churches were erected. Pistoia Cathedral (twelfth century a.d.), resembles these churches. Rome. — In the Romanesque period, i.e., from 600-1200, while the architecture of the rest of Europe was slowly developing towards the Gothic style, that of Rome was still composed of Classic columns and other features taken from ancient buildings. During this period a series of towers were also erected in the imperial city. The origin of these is not clear, as the custom of
