264 COMPARATIVE ARCHITECTURE. (No. 83 c, d). a short description is given on No. 83. The building has been much altered since the time of Charlemagne, for the Gothic choir was added in 1353 to 141 3, and the gables and roof of the octagon are of the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries. The chapels surrounding the structure are of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and the western tower has been added in recent years. The building is of interest, historically, as the crowning place of the Western Emperors. Laach Abbey Church (a.d. 1093-1156) is a Benedictine example built completely in this style. On either side of the western apse, which is used as a tomb-house, are the principal entrances from the western atrium, and there are three eastern apses. The vaulting-bays of the nave and aisles are of similar width. Lubeck Cathedral (a.d. 1173), is a type of brick architecture peculiar to North Germany ; but the choir and aisles were not added till a.d. 1335 (page 398). Germany is remarkable for a series of double or two-storied churches, generally attached to castles, as at Nuremberg, Lands- berg, and Steinfurt. In these it is held that the upper chapel was used by the Prince and his personal retinue, and the lower by his retainers, but in some instances the upper church would appear to have been provided in case of floods. 4. COMPARATIVE. A. Plans. — The naves and aisles are vaulted in square bays, one vaulting bay of the nave being equal to two of the aisles, as in the plan of Worms Cathedral (No. 105 g), and the Church of the Apostles, Cologne (No. 105 c). The choir is always apsidal, and often raised, as in Lombardy, to admit of crypts beneath. Western as well as eastern transepts occur, contrasting in this respect with Italian examples, and over the crossing a tower, sometimes octagonal (No. 106), is generally found. Western apses are frequent (No. 105 g), as at Treves and the Abbey Church at Laach, and apses also occur at the ends of transepts, as in the Church of the Apostles at Cologne (No. 105 c). Numerous towers, either square, circular, or polygonal, pro- ducing a rich and varied outline, were employed, two being usually at the east end flanking the apse, and two at the west end, con- nected by a gallery (Nos. 106 and 107 g). The towers rise in successive stories, and a characteristic finish consists of four gables and a steep roof, a hip rafter rising from each gable top (No. 107 G). B. W^alls. — The blank walls are cut up by Hat pilaster strips, connected horizontally by ranges of small arches springing from
