2g8 COMPARATIVE ARCHITECTURE. made the abbot became the bishop, the prior the dean, and the monks became canons and choristers ; the personnel generally remaining the same. (c.) The Cathedrals of the new foundation are those to which bishops have been appointed, viz., Ripon and Southwell, which are old Collegiate Churches, and the following Parochial Churches : — S. Albans, Newcastle, Wakefield, Manchester, and Truro. Diversity of style in each building was caused by the fact that with the single exception of Salisbury (page 309) many were erected in all periods, thus presenting a complete history of the evolution of Gothic Architecture. Most of the English Cathedrals were founded or remodelled after the Conquest, including many which formerly served as churches of the great monastic institutions of the period. The character which each Cathedral possesses generally indi- cates its original purpose. Monastic Cathedrals are almost peculiar to England and Germany. In these countries a large proportion of the Cathedral Churches formed part of monastic establishments in which are found cloisters, refectories, dormitories, chapter houses, scrip- torium, library, guest hall, infirmary, prison, wine cellars, mills, workshops, and gardens {cf. Monastery of S. Gall, page 261). Cloisters were required in monastic establishments from necessity, as they formed a covered way for the use of monks, round which the various buildings enumerated above were grouped. They were also frequently planned as an ornamental adjunct to cathedrals of the old foundation which were not part of monastic establishments, but were served by secular clei gy, as at Salisbury and Wells. The Collegiate Churches of Lichfield, Ripon, Southwell, York and Manchester, and the Irish, Scotch and Welsh Cathedrals (S. Davids excepted) have no cloisters. The French Cathedrals were mostly erected in the thirteenth century by funds provided by the laity, and therefore do not form part of monastic establishments, differing in not being provided with the buildings enumerated above. The English Cathedrals are thus peculiar in retaining many of the conventual features. The plans are long and narrow, and the choir is often of nearly the same length as the nave. The extreme length is often as much as six times, whereas in France it is seldom more than four times the width. The absence of double side aisles (Chichester and Manchester excepted) and side chapels tends to show that worship was more congregational in form than on the Continent, especially in France, where they are frequently found. The buildings founded by the Norman prelates, as Norwich, Canterbury, and others, were provided with the apsidal eastern
