328 COMPARATIVE ARCHITECTURE. B. "Walls. — These were mostly formed of rough rubble work with ashlar masonry at the angles formed in " long and short " courses, as at Earl's Barton (No. 134 a). The pilaster strips mentioned above are also features. c. Openings. — These are round or triangular-headed, and have square jambs, as at Deerhurst Church (No. 134 c), and are sometimes divided by a baluster, as at W'ickham (No. 134 f), D. Roofs. — There are no means of knowing exactly how these were treated, as none exist, but they were probably either of timber or composed of loose stones in horizontal layers approach- ing each other till they met at the apex, as in early Irish examples. Manuscripts represent buildings as covered by slates or shingles. E. Columns. — The roughly formed balusters, that occur in belfry windows, have been mentioned above, and appear to have been worked by a lathe. Piers in churches are short, stumpy cylinders crowned with square blocks of stone in the place of moulded capitals (No. 134 e, g). F. Mouldings. — These were few in number and consisted of simple ovolos and hollows coarsely axed. Tools were few, hence the use of the axe in roughly finishing the contours. G. Ornament. — This was probably scanty, in the absence of technical ability, hangings being probably in use. NORMAN ARCHITECTURE, also known as the English Romanesque or Twelfth Century style, comprises the reigns of William I., 1066-1087, William II., 1087- noo, Henry I., 1100-1135, Stephen, 1135-1154, Henry II., 1154- 1189. The general appearance is bold and massive, and presents many similarities with the architecture of Normandy, from whence it was introduced during the reign of ^^'illiam I. It is well described by Sir Walter Scott : " In Norman strength, that abbey frovvn'd With massive arclies broad and round, That rose alternate row on row On ponderous columns, short and low : Built ere the art was known, By pointed aisle and shafted stalk The arcades of an alley'd walk To emulate in stone "... In London, the principal examples are : — The keep and S. John's Chapel in the Tower of London (Nos. 131 A and 135). The round portion of the Temple Church (Transitional). S. Bartholomew's the Great, Smithfield.
