398 COMPARATIVE ARCHITECTURE. covering the church in one span. Tower porches occupy the positions of transepts ; only one of which is completed and has a splendid spire, less open than usual in German work. The vaults are traceried, and the original stained glass exists. Lubeck Cathedral (choir and aisles) and the Marien Kirche, Lubeck, are types of the brick architecture of North Germany, and express the possibilities of design in that material. SECULAR ARCHITECTURE. Castles were erected in goodly numbers, as at Marienburg (1280), Heilberg (1350), and Meissen in Saxony (1471-1483). Town Halls (Rathhaus) at Brunswick, Hildesheim, Halberstadt, Mimster and Ratisbon are the best known. The Rathhaus at Lubeck and other cities, and the town gates of the Baltic provinces, are evidences of the prosperity of the inhabitants of these times. In the domestic architecture the roof was a large and important feature, and frequently contained more stories than the walls supporting it, being used as a " drying ground " for the large monthly wash, and planned with windows to get a through current of air. The planning of the roof-ridge parallel, or at right angles, to the street in towns influenced the design considerably (see page 536 in German Renaissance), thus in Nuremberg the ridge is generally parallel to the street, and dormer windows are plentiful, the party walls being apparent, and artistically treated, while at Landshut and elsewhere, the ridge being generally at right angles to the street, gables are the result, and these exhibit great variety of design in scrolls and other features. The dwelling-houses of early date in Cologne, with their stepped gables, are notable. 4. COMPARATIVE. A. Plans. — These were based upon (a.) the round-arched German style and (h.) the French plan. Apses often semi- octagonal, found at end of transepts, and at east and west ends of churches, as at Naumburg. The chevet is uncommon, although it occurs at Cologne (No. 1 70), Magdeburg (1208-1211), Lubeck, Freiburg, and Prague. Triapsal plans are frecjuent (No. 172 d), and a square outline to the general plan is not uncommon. Twin towers occur at west end of Ratisbon Cathedral (No. 171). In later work, sometimes only one central tower occurs, as in some English cathedrals. Entrances are often on north or south, instead of being at the
