544 COMPARATIVE ARCHITECTURE. was often emphasized unduly, and violence of action is not uncommon (No. 235). The painting on the sculpture is usually crude and realistic. The great retahlos of alabaster, stone, or wood are the finest decorative feature of the churches, the figures being often life- size, and the architectural detail very elaborate. The iron Rejas, or grilles, are also a source of effect (No. 239 A, b, d). Tile work is excellent in Southern Spain. Stained glass tended to be loaded in color and over vivid, and the drawing is frequently clumsy, Flemish influence, not of the best kind, being apparent. The fresco work of the Escurial is merely late Italian, and the canvases of Murillo at Madrid and at the church at Seville, though large in scale, have the character of paintings in oil. In the accessory arts, the iron pulpit (No. 239 e) is an example of the elaborate metal work of the period, and armour design was carried to great perfection by the Spaniards. The subject of the Renaissance in Spain has been well taken up by architectural students of late years, and the following books contain interesting examples. 5. REFERENCE BOOKS. Calvert (A.). — " Impressions of Spain." 8vo. 1903. Ford, (R.). — " Handbook to Spain." 8vo. i8g8. Junghaendel (M.) und Gurlitt (C). — " Die Baukunst Spaniens." 2 vols., i'olio. Dresden, 1889-1893. ■' Monumentos Arquitectonicos de Espana," published by the Spanish Government. 89 parts, atlas folio (not completed). Madrid, 1859-1879. Prentice(A. N.). — " Renaissance Architecture and Ornament in Spain." Folio. 1893. Roberts (D.). — " Picturesque Sketches in Spain." Folio. 1837. Uhde (C). — " Baudenkmaeler in Spanien und Portugal." Folio. BerUn, 1889-1892. Villa-Amil (G. P. de). — " Espana Artistica y Monumental." 3 vols., folio. Paris, 1842- 1850. Waring (J. B.) and Macquoid (T. R.).— " Examples of Architectural Art in Italy and Spain." Folio. 1850. Wyatt (Sir M. Digby). — "An Architect's Note-book in Spain." 4to. 1872. Crawford (F. M.). — " In the Palace of the King." (Historical Novel.)
