ENGLISH (ELIZABETHAN) RENAISSANCE. 553 The Elizabethan style represents the attempt to apply Italian architectural features to buildings, but it did not confine itself to architecture only, as it pervaded the whole of the ornamental arts in furniture, decoration, and fittings, and is in this respect a style complete in every aspect. The alliance of James IV. of Scotland (d. 1513) with France caused French architectural features to be introduced, as at George Heriot's Hospital, Edinburgh (No. 151 j). 3. EXAMPLES. SECULAR ARCHITECTURE. As in other countries, the earliest examples of the style consist of small works such as tombs, monuments, doorways, and other features, the tomb of Henry VII. in Westminster Abbey, designed by Torrigiano, an Italian, in 1512, being generally regarded as one of the earliest examples. Elizabethan Mansions. — As already mentioned (page 551), domestic architecture received more attention than any other class of building. Two general types of house plan were in use at the beg-inning of the sixteenth century. Of these the smaller type consisted of a hall placed centrally, with kitchen and offices at one end and with- drawing and living rooms at the other, internal courts for lighting being sometimes employed, as at Chastleton in Oxfordshire. The larger type of house was evolved from the quadrangular plan of the Middle Ages (No. 131 b), which the later architects renounced by omitting the side forming the entrance, admitting sunlight and allowing free circulation of air about the building. The E-shaped plan thus came into existence, as at Hatfield House (No. 131 D, e). The gatehouse on the centre of the side forming the entrance, which was typical of the Tudor period, as at Oxhnrgh Hall (No. 131 b), became a detached building, as at Burton Agnes, Yorkshire (a.d. 1610) ; Cranbourne, Dorsetshire ; Stanway, Gloucestershire, and elsewhere. The H -shaped plan was evolved by extending the wings on both fronts, as at Holland House, London (No. 244 a, b). Other fanciful plans showing extreme originality were erected, as Longford Castle, a triangular house attributed to John Thorpe (No. 131 f). The following features occur in the principal examples : — i. The great hall, retained from the mediaeval period (No. 241), was lined to a height of 8 or 10 feet with oak panelling, while above were arranged the trophies of the chase, armour, portraits of ancestors, family relics and heirlooms.
