564 COMPARATIVE ARCHITECTURE. Large heavily-mullioned windows (Nos. 241, 243, 246 and 247), filled in with leaded glass, and crossed by horizontal transoms, are special features adopted from the late Gothic period, and oriel windows are common, as at Ijramshill (No. 250 e). Dormers were largely used, and turrets were in common use (Nos. 244 A and 248). Arcades were often introduced, as at Hatfield, Bramshill, and elsewhere (Nos. 244, 249 and 250 g). Doorways are often elaborate in design, as m Nos. 246, 248, 249 and 250 D. " Through this wide opening gate None come too early, none return too late. " D. Roofs. High, flat, or low roofs with balustrades, occur both separately and in the same design (No. 244 a). Lead and tiles were both used, and also stone slabs in certam districts. The balustrade, arcaded, pierced, or battlemented, is a constant feature (Nos. 244 a, 249 and 250). E. Columns. — The orders were employed rarely with purity, a characteristic treatment being the reduction down- wards, more especially in pilasters, accompanied by bulbous swellings (No. 250 k). Square columns were used, banded with strap o'rnamentation (No. 250 g), and pilasters were similarly treated or panelled. At Longleat, the most Italian-like example, the topmost order is the smallest, corresponding to the compara- tive unimportance of the upper rooms. Bramshill has a fagade- centre which is perhaps the most licentious specimen of the style. Arcades were much employed, especially in the form of recessed loggie, as at Bramshill (No. 250 g), and Hatfield (No. 249). F. Mouldings.— These are local and coarse in many instances, but" founded on Classic originals. A typical cornice consists of a large cyma and small ogee moulding above a corona of little depth, and the use of convex mouldings, often banded or carved at intervals. Plaster work seems to have influenced in many ways the sections employed (No. 250 m). G. Ornament (No. 250).—" Strap " ornamentation was formed by raised bands, of about the width and thickness of a leather strap, interlaced in grotesque patterns, and attached as if by nails 'or rivets, as in the ceilings (No. 250 h, j, m). It is con- sidered by some to have been derived from the East, through France and Italy, in imitation of the damascened work which was at that period so common. This type of detail is also found in pilasters, as at Hatfield (No. 249), and on piers and in spandrels, as at Bramshill (No. 250 g). Grotesquely carved figures as terminals occur (No. 250 c), and in carving generally, ribbons, scrolls, and festoons were preferred to Gothic foliage types.
