INDIAN ARCHITECTURE. 623 developed, until they formed the points of a square on plan. In addition to these two chambers, others were added in more important examples. The large inclosures and gateways of the Dravidian style are wanting. Orissa, on the east coast, contains a remark- able series of monuments dating from a.o. 500-1200. The ancient city of Bhuvaneswar contains some hundreds of examples. The best known is the Great Temple (a.d. 617-657), quoted as the finest in India. It is a four-chambered example ; every stone on its facades is carved, the courses being deeply rusticated. The principal vimana is crowned with the usual northern high curved pyramidal roof with melon ornament and finial. Other examples are at Kanaruc (No. 266 e) (the Black Pagoda, ninth century), and Puri (the four-chambered temple of Jugan^t, A.D. 1 1 74), the latter being placed in a large double inclosure surrounded by a wall 20 feet high. In Dharwar, on the western coast, are examples in which pillars are employed, as the Temple of Papanetha, a.d. 500, influenced by Dravidian architecture. Important groups exist at Chandravati, in Rajputana (a.d. 600), Baroli (a.d. 750), and Udaipor (a.d. 1060). At Khajuraho (a.d. 954-1000) is a group of thirty important temples, of which that dedicated to Kandarya Mahadeo is the most important. It is a two-chambered example, placed on a well-proportioned stylo- bate, with three rows of sculptured figures, half life-size, nearly one thousand in number. The sikra is enriched by the addition of sculptured representations of itself — a favourite Indian method. Modern monuments exist at Chittore, Gwalior, Kantonugger (a.d. 1704), and Amritzar (a.d. 1704), the sacred metropolis of the Sikhs. Civil Architecture. — Palaces, tombs, and ghats (landing places) abound. The ghats lining the great rivers, such as the Ganges, are typical Indian features ; they are used by the Hindus as bathing places, and consist of long ranges of steps, stopped by kiosks and backed by buildings with ornamental facades, used as shelters, or temples. {b.) CHALUKYAN ARCHITECTURE (a.d. 1000-1200). The special features are the placing of the temple on a terrace 3 or 4 feet high, the star-shaped plan of the vimana, or idol cell, and the formation of its roof as a straight-sided cone in richly ornamented steps, with crowning vase ornament as in the Temple at Umber (No. 273). Elaborate pierced marble slabs are placed in window openings. Walling stones without mortar were also used in certain instances. The province of Mysore contains the principal monuments, as at Somnathpur (a.d. 1043), Bailltir (a.d. 1114), and Hullabid
