Educational Developments 227 in 1889, was very fortunate in being closely asso- ciated from the beginning with a great system of medical education which was being de- Earliest veloped under the Johns Hopkins Uni- university connections versity. The endowment provided and definitely for the establishment of a influences School of Nursing as well as a School of Medicine, and although there was no specified arrangement for including the nursing school under university administration, it has maintained in all essential respects the status of a university school, and has always enjoyed a great many university privileges. Under the able leadership of Isabel Hampton (Mrs. Robb), who was superintendent of nurses from 1889 to 1894, 3.nd of her successor, M. Adelaide Nutting (1894 1907), one step after another was taken to emphasize the educa- tional character of the nursing training, and to incorporate in that system many of the distinctive features of the higher professional schools. Among the educational experiments which were first tried out in the Johns Hopkins, and later adopted in many other schools, are the following: the pre- paratory course (first in America), the non-pay- ment system, the payment of tuition fees by pupils, the use of scholarships, the payment of lecturers (all of them from the university staff), the three-
