28o A Short History of Nursing tional council without losing relationship with their schools or Motherhouses, and they did so in 1909, founding at the same time a Nursing Journal. This dual relation would not have been possible in, for instance, Germany. The Red Cross seems to be the universal nursing association of Norway, as all the most important hospitals, private duty and visiting Norway nursing centres, and public health services, such as the campaign against tuberculosis, are conducted by the branches of the Red Cross Society. As in Sweden, the nurses of Norway are of a most admirable type, both as to physique and character, and as these countries are little involved in wars, they do not have to call out the amateur volunteers, but have time and resources for train- ing all their nurses well. The general course of hospital training is, however, shorter than that of the English hospitals. The Norwegian nurses have a National Society with headquarters and the usual activities. An ancient home of legendary medicine and "white magic" is Finland, evolving into monastic care of the sick and coming to its Finland ^ modern phase about 1867, when the Deaconess order was introduced by a philanthrop- ist, Mrs. Amanda Cajander, a physician's wife-
