guttural as an aspirate: ochd, nochd, bochd, reachd. O. Ir. has ‑cht here and W. th.
(5) Gaelic intervocalic t. The t of a root is preserved when the suffix begins in t, as [in caithte, spent,] in ite, Ir. ette, *pet-tiâ, lit, *pḷt-tion‑. The d of the affixes preserves it, as in aitreabh, taitinn, ruiteach, réit. The t of the following does not belong to the ultimate root: ciotach, *sqvi‑tto‑, Eng. skew, croit, root kur, lot, root lu.
I. E. d. dh.
This is a uniform Celtic d initial; Gaelic dh between vowels and W. dd.
(2) Intervocalic d, dh. See fiodh, *vidu‑, eadh, suidhe, fiadh, guidhe, etc.
(3) Pre-consonantal d, dh non-initial. Before r, l, n, the d disappears with compensatory lengthening, as in àireamh (*ad-rím‑) àros, àrach, buail, (*boud-lo‑), but buille is for *bud-s-lio‑; smuain for smoud-no‑, Before m it sometimes disappears, as in freumh, *vṛd-mâ, but with an accented prefix the d and m become m, as in aimsir, amal, amas. With s it coalesces into s, as in musach, or in uisge for *ud-s-qio‑, or fios for *vid-s-tu‑. Before the explosives, with b it coalesces to bb, now b, as in abair, etc. So with t, as in aitreabh; with d, as in aidich; with c, as in faic; with g, as in agair.
(4) Post-consonantal d, dh. The liquid r preserves a following d, as in àrd, bàrd, sgàird, òrd, etc. It assimilates with l, as in coille, call, moll, mullach; and with n, in fionn, O. Ir. find, bonn, O. Ir. bond, binn. For zd, see next paragraph. The explosives before d are unusual, save t and d, for which see next paragraph.
(5) Intervocalic G. d. There are three sources at least for this d:—
- a. The d from nt in ceud, teud, beud, etc.
- b. The d arising from the spirant z before d, as in brod, *brozdo‑, cead, gad, maide, nead, druid.
- c. From ‑dd- as in creid, goid, rodaidh, trod, etc.; also aidich, *ad-dam‑.
I. E. “k” and “q.”
These appear in G. uniformly as c; but in the Brittonic languages q, if labialised, becomes p as in Greek.
(1). Initial k. See cluinn, cù, ceud, hundred, cac, cridhe, caomh, còrn.
