876 Reviews of Books by the movement for the marriage of the clergy might hive led to a more charitable judgment. His antipathies, which he has usually over- come, are directed chiefly against the persecutors of the Protestants. In estimating the Jesuits he is evidently influenced by Symonds. Though not altogether unsympathetic, the fact that he can assert that .the Spiritual Exercises of Loyola produced a " prolonged hypnotic trance" (II. 545) sufficiently indicates his attitude. We have dwelt too long on the defects of an excellent book ; many of them are superficial and can be easily remedied. The total impres- sion left by the two volumes of Principal Lindsay is very favorable ; they are the best thing we have in English on the subject. They com- bine scientific worth with literary charm, and will appeal strongly not merely to students but also to the thoughtful layman. William Walker Rockwell. The Reformation. Being an Outline of the History of the Church from A. D. i^oj to A. D.. 1648. By James Pounder Whitney, B.D., Chaplain of S. Edward's, Cambridge. (New York: The Macmillan Company. 1907. Pp. viii, 501.) Whitney's The Reformation constitutes volume 'I. of a series en- titled The Church Universal, of which Mr. W. H. Hutton is editor. By " Church Universal is not meant Christianity in general or the in- visible church, but the Eastern and Western hierarchical ("Catholic") ecclesiastical organizations, the Anglican Church being somewhat illog- ically regarded as a constituent part of the latter because of the perpetua- tion in its hierarchy and its formularies of the essential elements of the medieval system. The Anglo-Catholicism of the writer is manifest in the apportionment of his space and on almost every page. His effort " to be fair to all schools of thought and to all the men of the time " has, in the opinion of the reviewer, met with indif¥erent success. An introduction of fourteen pages touches lightly upon medieval ideals, the papacy, the political and ecclesiastical relations of Italy and Ger- many, the growth of individualism, monastic revivals, mysticism, the revival of learning, the Brethren of the Common Life, and the Inquisi- tion. There seems little ground for the assertion that Dominic, Thomas Aquinas, and Wiclif (the precise expression is used only of the latter) were the almost impersonal heads of movements, whereas Loyola, Erasmus, and Luther are "personalities above all else" (p. 6). The statement that " no less than fourteen translations of the Bible into High German appeared before the days of Luther" would probably be about correct if " translations " were changed to " printed editions ". Of course that number of manuscripts with considerable variations may exist; but it is not likely that so large a number of versions was inde- pendently prepared. The author speaks of " Revival of Learning " as " a phrase often used to imply more ignorance on the part of the Middle Ages than they possessed" [sicl. To note a tithe of the author's in-
