754 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY
regional environment to human life. The geographer's social ideal is, indeed, in process of explicit formulation, and that on many sides. And in its application to a particular city, the most notable perhaps of these formulations may be found in one of the books indicated for reading in connection with this paper. It is Professor Geddes' City Development. Here, indeed, the ideal of city development is by no means confined to that of the geographer, but the civic policy there enunciated has its definite starting-point in the geographer's vision of the city. And other similar initiatives are visible in many different directions. The Garden City movement is essentially geographical in its point of departure from traditional civic policies. And the same may be said of Mr. H. G. Wells's Civic Utopia, and indeed of all those utopist writings in which the biological note is also sounded which advocate a certain ruralization of the city, whether by the development of parks and gardens, or by other means. However much all these differ from one another in other points, they agree in their emphasis and insistence on a better regional adaptation to city life. It is clear, in fact, that we are here in the presence of a movement toward an applied geography. The division of science into pure and applied is a familiar one up to a certain point, but it should help us to realize its significance, if we under- stand it as comparable to the distinction between the regular and secular orders in religious communities. Like the regular orders, the cultivators of pure science concern themselves mainly with doctrine ; while the applied scientists, like the secular orders, have their main interest in the application of doctrine to the needs of daily life.
XXV. Among existing groups of scientists, which are the seculars, which the regulars? In the physical sciences it is easy to recognize actual or incipient regular orders in mathema- ticians, in students of heat, light, electricity, chemistry, etc. On the practical side there is the great body of engineers, with its numerous subdivisions; there are manufacturing chemists, the brewers, the opticians, etc. Are these the secular orders in the physical group? Before answering that question, we must dis- criminate. The differences of type are very great. It is, for
