REVIEWS 411
itself the product of the capitalistic system of industry ; and the attempt of this class to maintain its place and advance its interests is not the result of agitation, but of inherited social conditions. No ruling class ever made concessions to the lower classes out of philanthropy, but only when urged by powerful pressure. The economic doctrines of Karl Marx, in relation to "surplus value," are abandoned; but his claim to recognition rests on his exposition of the historic conception of the social movement, and the inner relationship of the economic, social, and political manifestations and precedents. He showed most clearly that the social movement is toward the communization of the means of production, and its way is the struggle between classes. The author is in manifest sympathy with these views of history ; only he urges legal methods and freedom from vindictiveness in the combats of classes. The synchronistic table of events in the movement from
1750 to 1896 is a valuable feature of the work.
C. R. H.
Annual Report (jist) of the State Board of Charities for the Year
i8gj. Two volumes. New York and Albany : Wynkoop
Hallenbeck Crawford Co. Pp. 1190 + 926.
These two volumes are for the student of public charities a genuine
contribution to knowledge. They deal with the complex system of
relief in a great and highly developed state. The facts are presented
in a clear order, and the discussions are written by persons of experience
and ability. The articles on civil-service examination, placing-out
bills, dispensaries, custody of the feeble-minded, and the various reports
on particular institutions constitute a mine of information. It is
worth while for a rich state to publish this material for practical and
theoretical students and workers. C. R. H.
Annales de Vlnstitiit International de Sociologie. Tome IV. Con- tenant les travaux du troisieme congres tenu a Paris en juil- iet 1897. Paris: V. Giard & E. Bridre, 1898. Pp. 589. F. 10. The general secretary of the " Institute," the editor of this volume, evidently thinks that the session of which it is a report was the most successful of the three thus far held. It does not strike me that the
