THE CITY IN HISTORY 72 5
the development of which the growth of the city was a pre- requisite.
The idea of territorial attachment, which is at the root of our modern idea of patriotism, was greatly strengthened by the influence of city life. It is true that the origin of the idea is to be found in the changes incident to the transition from the pastoral to the agricultural stage. We are prone to forget, how- ever, that one of the most important factors in the development of agriculture was proximity to the city. Until the new market possibilities are developed the amount of labor expended upon the soil is comparatively small, and the attachment to any par- ticular locality is correspondingly weak.' Strong territorial ties are largely dependent upon "the memory of long and hard strug- gles, upon the consciousness of effort expended in the past and willingness to make further sacrifice in the future." No such feeling seems to have moved the early agriculturists. With the city, however, an entirely new basis for the development of economic and social relations was offered. In the purely agri- cultural stage each household was sufficient unto itself; every- thing necessary to the daily routine of life was manufactured in the home. Division of labor between different groups of occu- pations was unknown. With the certainty of a ready market comes the possibility of specialization in trade and industry ; relatively complex relations of service and counter-service are soon developed, which strengthen the territorial tie. The city soon comes to mean the territorial unit within which the activity of the artisan has its limits, as well as the center of social amusement for the well-to-do landed proprietor. Thus the new economic relations, combined with the social pleasures which never fail to arise when population becomes dense, give a new meaning to the idea of residence. Citizenship, with the feeling of loyalty and attachment to the territory itself, becomes a reality. It is important to note that the feeling of attachment is no longer limited to the property owned by the individual, as is the case in the agricultural stage. The whole territory of the city, as the center of new economic opportunities
'See Ihering, Evolution of the Aryan.
