540 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY
b) Hedonic. Fear, aversion to pain, love of warmth, ease, and sensuous pleasure.
c) Egotic. These are demands of the self rather than of the organism. They include shame, vanity, pride, envy, love of liberty, of power, and of glory. The type of this class is ambition.
d) Affective. Desires that terminate upon others : sympathy, sociability, love, hate, spite, jealousy, anger, revenge.
e) Recreative. Play impulses, love of self-expression.
The cultural desires, which are clearly differentiated only in culture men, are :
f) Religious. Yearning for those states of swimming or unconditioned con- sciousness represented by the religious ecstasy. 1
g) Ethical. Love of fair play, sense of justice.
K) /Esthetic. Desire for the pleasures of perception, i. e., for enjoyment of
"the beautiful." 2) Intellectual. Curiosity, love of knowing, of learning, and of imparting.
While the study of the natural wants belongs to anthropology, the development of cultural desires in connection with associa- tion and the presence of culture devolves upon sociology. I ignore the topic here only because it has been adequately treated by others.
There are certain huge complexes of goods which serve as means to the satisfaction of a variety of wants. These are Wealth, Government, Religion, and Knowledge. In respect to these the various elementary social forces therefore give off impulses which run together and form the economic, political, religious, and intellectual interests, which constitute in effect the chief history-making forces.
The economic interest finds its tap-root in the pangs of hunger and cold. These, being a direct demand for material goods, give rise to wealth-getting activities. There is, however, in the end no class of cravings which may not lay claim to goods, and thus whet greed to a keener edge. When personal emulation takes the form of "conspicuous waste," the egotic desires prompt to acquisition. When gold "gilds the straitened fore-
- No one who has seen people "getting happy" at a c'amp-meeting will doubt
the reality or the seductiveness of such states. JAMES, Varieties of Religious Experi- ence, studies these in the scientific spirit. BRINTON, The Religion of Primitive Peoples, raises a doubt if these cravings are exclusively cultural.
