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must descend to concrete particulars and employ all aids of science to make clear the path of right conduct. It is not enough to declare that we ought to do what is right; we must show what is good; we must discover means as well as ends. Morality cannot isolate itself from the world of facts, and duty is relative to all the conditions of time and place. The topics treated are : the morality of positivism ; art and science ; classification of moral ideas in our age ; moral unity ; ethical orientation ; justice and law ; charity and selection ; ethics of social- ism; the morals of Tolstoi ; justice and charity; pleasures; duties of youth; morality and politics; individual and social morality; the ethics of the Greeks and the contemporary moral crisis.
The treatment is dignified and suggestive, but the articles are too brief to have great value in determining the method of social conduct in particular spheres of life. C. R. H.
Hambourg et VAllemagne contemporaine . Par PAUL DE ROUSIERS. Paris: Armand Colin, 1902. Pp. 324.
THIS is one of those broad sketches of national life and character of which the author has given us a large number. In this treatise M. de Rousiers treats of Hamburg as the type of economic force in Germany, as the chief point of contact between the great plain and the wide world. He discusses the sugar industry, its cultivation, organization, and refineries ; the coal mines and chemical industries; the manufac- tures of metal goods; railroads and electricity; textile industries; the shipping of Hamburg ; the workmen of Hamburg and their unions. The author thinks that material development has reached a higher stage in Germany than the social, that the government is oppressive, religion feeble. He thinks the German does better for himself in America than at home, that he is more prosperous and more self-respecting. Aside from these rather broad generalizations, many interesting descrip- tions of industry are given, all in a clear and interesting journalistic style. C. R. H.
UExode rural et le Retour aux Champs. Par MILE VANDERVELDE.
Paris: Felix Alcan, 1903. Pp. 304.
PROFESSOR VANDERVELDE offers a general view of the well-known movement from country to city in various nations of Europe and America, and describes the different forms of migration, tracing them chiefly to changed economic conditions. In the latter part of the
