1038 COTTAGE, FARM, AND VILLA ARCIIITECTU KE. 1857 i b described by Messrs. Cottam and Hallen : — Fig. 1857, a is an iron rod sheathed with brass gilt, about three quarters of an inch in diameter, which is fixed to the wall by kneed gilt studs immediately under the ceiling ; b is a rod of brass gilt, about half an inch in diameter, and of such a length as to reach within about five feet of the floor ; c is a ball or knob, about three quarters of an inch in diameter, which moves on this rod from one end to the other, but which can be made fast in any position by the screw e, the head of which serves at the same time as a hook on which to hang the pictures. It is to be observed tliat the centre of this ball coincides with that of the diameter of the rod, so that it keeps the latter at the distance of a quarter of an inch from the wall. The same effect is produced by the knob d, at the end of the rod. When small pictures are to be suspended, they may be hung by their centre of gravity one above another on a single rod; but larger pictures should be hung on two rods, as shown at/. By this mode of hanging, neither the pictures nor the rods touch the wall in any part; and, as the perpendicular rods may be moved along the horizontal ones, the jjosition of the pic- tures may be shifted at pleasure. That the movement may not be interrupted, it is essential that the studs be kneed or angled, othermse they will prevent the horizontal movement of the hooks of the upright rods. 2069. On the Siihjcct of Bell-hanging we have nothing to add to what has been already mentioned, § 590 and § 1473; and by Mr. Vokins in his description of his Grecian villa, § 1858- The handles to bells may always be rendered highly ornamental. 2070. Water- Closets. " Where practicable, it is desirable that a communication should pass from the ceiling of every water-closet to a flue in the wall of the house, so situated, in respect to chimney-flues, that the warmth they impart should cause a rising current of air from the closet. Where a flue is made from the ceiling of the kitchen to carry off the heated air whieli accumiJates there, it may sometimes be possible to lead the com- munications from some closets into it. When the water-pipes of a house, leading to these closets, are subject to being frozen, they should be placed in a flue or trunk through which warm air may be ascending from some source likely to be constant ; or the main pipe, before it begins to rise, may be made to take a few circuitous turns in a fixed boiler, under which a fire may be kept in time of frost. The water in the boiler will of course keep the pipe liot, and will communicate sufficient heat to water flowing through it, to prevent accidents from freezing. If the boiler be large, and the coil long, beat enough may be given in this way to warm a bath, by regulating the supply cock so as to make the bath fill slowly. No accident can happen from the heat while the cocks are shut."
