116 COTTAGE, FARM, AND VILLA ARCHITKCTURE. which the trimmer arcli, w, is shown abutting against the trimming piece, v, and the back of the chimney, v.) To build brick foundations for the sink, and for the stone steps ; and nine-inch brickwork to surround the areas in front of the basement windows, coped with brick on edge set in Roman cement, and paved with bricks, having sink holes and drains, to deliver the water into the main drain. To put 100 feet of hollow tile drain, twelve inches clear in the bore, where directed ; and to lay the whole of the drains with a proper ^all, and at a sufficient depth to deliver the water away from the lowest part of the builduig. To provide nine cast-iron stink-traps eight inches square, and fix one at each external aperture of the drain. (The construction and action of a stink-trap will be easily understood from the section, fig. 215. Water falling into this trap, through the cover, X, escapes by the funnel, y, the inverted se- 215 micircle over which prevents all air from ascend- ing. See figs. 222, 223, and 224. The terrace to be paved with pebbles laid insand,properly currented, and well rammed. To build foundations and enclo- sure walls, and an oven three feet six inches by three feet in the clear, properly domed, plastered, and paved ; and to find and fix the requisite iron work for the same, such as an iron door and frame, hinges, latches, &c., complete. To fill in the nogging partitions with brick nogging flat (brick on bed). To pave the wash-house, pantry, and store room, with dressed paving bricks (smoothed on one side by passing a cylindrical rule, wetted, over the soft brick when moulded) ; the kitchen to be paved with ten-inch tiles, bedded and jointed in mortar ; and the rest of the basement story, throughout, with common stock bricks laid flat in sand : the whole to be properly levelled and currented to the several drains. The openings of the fireplaces, in the sitting-rooms and in the chambers, to be three feet high by their respective widths ; and that of the kitchen to be four feet high. All the window and door frames to be properly bedded and pointed in good lime and hair mortar, and the sills underpinned. (When stone sills are built into any wall, they are generally made to bear on solid work only in those parts directly above which the wall is carried up. The reason is, that, in buildings of any height, the solid parts are apt to sink a slight degree more than those parts in which there are several openings one above another. Thus, in the sill, fig. 216, a and b represent those parts of the sili on which the jambs of the doors or windows are carried up. Now, if the sill were bedded on solid vi^alling throughout, from a to b, and especially towards c, it is evident that, if the walling sunk only half an inch at either a or [>, not having the same superincum- bent pressure, it would not sink to the same degree at c, and the consequence would be a rent in the stone at d- For this reason sills are left hollow between the two points of bearing, until the walling is completed ; and the filling up of the hollows after is called the underpinning. In brick buildings, the sills, whether of stone or oak, are not generally put in until the walls are carried up to their destined height, and they are then let in by cutting away part of the brickwork from the jambs. ) The bricklayer is to find scaffolding for the use of the carpenter, slater, plasterer, and other trades requiring the use thereof for the outside work ; and to allow the same to remain until the external part of the building shall be completed. The walls are to be earned up in an upright, substan- tial, workmanlike manner ; and, in the progress of the building, no part is to be raised more than four feet above the other (in order that the whole may settle, or sink equally, and at the same time), except in gables and chimney-shafts ; and the whole is to be built in a regular and equal manner. To fix the wooden bricks, and to bed all the plates, bond timbers, lintels, &c., in loam. To cut all the rakes and splays, and all the chasings required for the lead flashings (strips of lead to cover joints or joinings), and to make good and stop the same with Roman cement. To do all the wind-pinnings (filling in the angle between the wall-plate and the roof) and beam-filling (filling up with brick- work the interstices in the wall, between the ends of the beams) required. The brick- layer is to find all the materials, ropes, ladders, boards, tackle, tools, workmanship, and ironwork, for the completion of his work, and for the carriage thereof; and to do the 216
