COTTAGE DWELLINGS IN VARIOUS STYLES. 121 •■2^:5 (deficiencies, as at t, in fig. 22.5, owing to marking the dimension too near tlie circum- ference, instead of making allowance for the sap wood, as at i/), shakes (fis- sures in the wood), large knots, or other defects, and of the several dimensions, scantlings, and descriptions, which follow ; and all the carpenter's as well as the joiner's work, to hold the several scantlings (the term scantling is gene- rally applied by carpenters to the depth and width of a piece of timber) and thicknesses when finished, such which are named in the particulars : this must be particularly attended to. The principal and chamber stories to have two tiers of oak bond, three inches by two inches and a half, to pass through the openings, and not to be cut out / until the work has become settled ; ^ /' and an oak wall-plate under eacli floor, ^^ ^,.-' four and a half inches by three inches, ' dovetailed at the angles, and halved and spiked at the laps. To put double oak lintels four inches thick, and of the width of the respective walls, except the reveals (properly revels, from revelo, to reveal or discover ; the two vertical sides of the aperture between the outside front of the wall and the window, and to rest nine inches on the walls at each end. Wooden bricks of oak (see § 83), to be furnished to the bricklayer to be inserted in the jambs, not exceeding two feet apart, for fixing the linings to, where neces- sary. The entrance passage and the two sitting-rooms to have heart of oak joists six inches by four inches. The chamber floors to have fir joists nine inches by two inches and a half, not more than twelve inches apart ; and trimmed (see § 234, and fig. 213J, to the stairs and fireplaces, with trimmers and trimming joists nine inches by three inches and a half, with one inch and a quarter yellow deal keys (pieces of timber driven fast between each pair of joists, with their ends butting against the groin of the joists ; they are commonly called strutting pieces, and their use is to stiflTen the floor;, in each chamber. The back chambers and passage to have ceiling joists four inches by two inches, and thirteen inches apart, firmly spiked to the common rafters, as shown by the drawings. The front rooms to have ceiling joists four inches by two inches, not more than twelve inches apart, and framed into the tie beams. The penthouse (a roof projected from a wall, and not sup- ported by pillars) in front, to have ceiling joists three inches and a half by two inches, spiked to the rafters above the purlin. — Roof. Tie beams (see fig. 54 to be seven inches by four inches ; framed principal rafters six inches by two inches and a half at bottom, and four inches by two inches and a half at top ; purlins, five inches by three inches, to be framed to the principals; wall-plates, five inches by two inches and a half; pole-plates, four inches by two inches, supported by wTought curved brackets four inches and a half by four inches, as shown by the drawings ; common rafters to be four inches by two inches, not more than thirteen inches apart, and properly trimmed to the shafts. The feet of the rafters which project beyond the brickwork are to be five inches by three inches and a half, wrought, notched, and spiked to the wall-plate and pole-plates. The roofing of the back part will be vvithout principals or tie beams. The roof throughout to have one inch and a half yellow deal hips, nine inches wide ; and ridge pieces of the same width and thickness, rounded oflT for the lead ; the valleys to have one inch thick feather-edged flanch boards nine inches wide. (Hips and valleys are formed wherever 226 / a/ c C e roofing meets at a right or other angle ; the ex- ternal angles,fig. 226, a a a, form the hips ; the in- ternal angle, b, the valley ; c c, the ridge ; d, the gable ; ee e, the eaves ; f, the span ; and g, in fig. 227, which shows a double 227
