MODEL COTTAGES. 17 33. For pumping up the water from the main tank or well, g, in fig. 5, we have recom- mended Siebe's rotatory pump. This pump, fig. 9, operates by the rotation of a roller, on its axis, a, having paddles or pistons, h, b, b, b, by which, when the roller is turned, a vacuum Hs produced within the barrel, c. In consequence of this vacuum the water flows up the rising trunk, rf, into the barrel, and as the paddles go round they force it into an opening which conducts it wherever it may be wanted, and by that means produces a continual stream. By having an ascending tube, e, this water may be forced to any height, and, by having a horizontal tube with a cock,/, it may be let out at pleasure, as in a common pump. By having several pipes branching from e as many cisterns or reservoirs might be supplied. The appearance of this pump is very neat and simple, fig. 10 ; but, as in the case of other pumps, the tubes must be covered with straw or matting, during frosty weather, otherwise the freezing of the water will make them burst. 34. The mode of heating by a fiue below the kitchen fio r we con- sider a most valuable plan for ensuring and economizing heat, particularly in cold countries, where fuel is scarce. Indeed, we shall afterwards show how, with this arrangement, and an extra quantity of land, say an acre, besides garden ground, every cot- tager may grow all his own fuel. 'Whenever there is a back kitchen adjoining the principal kitchen, or cottager's living room, and both are on the ground floor, this mode of heating the floor by a flue may be adopted. All that is necessary is to have a sunk area in the back kitchen for the oven, as will be shown in Design IV. When there are two rooms on the ground floor, and one of these rooms is over a cellar, as in Design I., then the oven or furnace can be made in the cellar. In either case the courses of the flue are to be so contrived, as to allow the covers, supposing them to be one-foot tiles, to form the floor of the two rooms which it heats. The flues may be of any convenient depth exceeding eighteen inches, their sides built of brick-on-edge not plastered, and the intervals between the flues filled up with loose stones or rough gravel. If the flues are made deep, which in some cases may be found cheaper than preparing a raised solid basis on which to build shallow flues, then the side walls may be tied together by brick-on- edge work, (Design I.,7i,) and the foundation of the partition wall, which separates the family bed-room from the kitchen, will contribute to the same end. To equalize the heat given out by the flue, and to prevent the kitchen floor from being too hot where tlie flue proceeds from the oven, a double covering is there shown, with a vacuity of six inches between the under cover and the floor, from the oven, /, to ^ ; a section of which may be seen in fig. 4, at g. — As faggots are intended to be burnt in the oven, the soot produced will be very trifling ; but the flues may be cleaned once a year by taking up a tile at each end of the different courses of the flue. Except when there is a fire in the oven, its door must be kept perfectly close, and a damper in the upright flue, nearly so. In many cases, instead of a flue, a vault may be made under the kitchen, and the smoke from the oven or furnace allowed to spend the principal part of its heat in this vault, and afterwards ascend a flue proceeding from near its bottom, fig. 11, a. As the walls, from the superincumbent weight, would form abutments of very great stability, the arch might be made very flat, and would thus cost less in execution than the flues. 35. The immense superiority of this mode of heating the air of a room, over any other whatever, will be obvious to every one acquainted with the nature of heat. By open fire-places, by stoves, steam-pipes, or water-pipes, (unless indeed these are in the floor,) and, by heated air, the coldest stratum of air is always found immediately on the floor, where, for the sake of the feet and the legs, the air ought to be hottest ; by the method of under-ground flues, or a smoke vault, as in fig. 11, the lowest stratum is necessarily the hottest, which must be preferable for the feet and legs of grown persons, and for the whole bodies of little children. The heat being diff'used over the whole surface of the floor, must contribute greatly to the equality of the temperature throughout the apartment, and the mass of loose stones, or the materials of the arch will con- tinue to give out heat for a day or two, according to the season of the year, after every time that the oven is heated. The heat from the floor, in its ascent to the roof, will warm what- ever it meets with ; but this is not the case with either raised stoves or open fires. In heating
