558 COTTAGE, FARM, AND VILLA ARCHITECTURE. over with small broken stones, forming the thickness of 9 inches. The sleepers to be laid on the inside searccments, and the whole remaining space of 14 inches to be filled up with solid mason-work of stone and lime properly packed ; to have a coat of plaster three fourths of an inch thick on the top, the surface of the plaster being kept one fourth of an inch below the top of the sleepers ; care to be taken that the sleepers are resting on flat stones, at short distances ; the lime which is applied next the walls all round, to be mixed up with a portion of broken glass. This, if carefully done, will keep the barn- floor clear of vermin, and also prevent it from sinking, as frequently happens. This under-building to be properly dry before the boards are laid on the top. The straw- barn to be done in the same way, with this difference, that the rubble-building above the small stones is to be only 12 inches deep, and to have a composition floor laid above of 3 inches thick, 9 feet broad, and, where the straw falls from the rakes, to be laid with large flags. The foundations of the low buildings to be 2 feet 9 inches at the bottom, and taken in by regular scarcements. 1202. Door- Soles. The door-soles of the barns to be laid 6 inches above the surface of the causeway, on the outside ; those of the stables, cow-houses, &c., to be laid 3 inches above it, and beveled on the front. 1 203. Walls. The thickness of barn-walls above the door-sole to be 2 feet 3 inches ; above the second floor to be 2 feet, and beam-filled at the top. The thickness of the walls for the low buildings above the door-sole to be 2 feet, and likewise beam-fiUed at the top. The division walls to be 1 foot 6 inches thick, and carried to the top. The foundation of the walls of the courts or yards to be at least 1 foot below the general surface, founded 2 feet 3 inches at the bottom. 1204. Hewn Work. All the external corners in the houses and gate-pillars to be droved, with broached tails. The ribbets (rybets, rebates, or reveals), soles, and lintels of doors and windows to be droved with broached tails ; all the ribbets and corners to be at least 2 feet long, the inband ribbets to pass through the thickness of the wall. The ribbet heads (outside facings or architraves) for barn windows to be 9 inches ; the skews to be droved. The shed-pillars, arches, and chimney-tops to be of broached ashlar. The shed and gate pillars to be champhered (chamfered) or rounded on the corners 3 inches. The yard walls to be coped with flat, hammer-dressed, or Galloway cope (large irregular stones, projecting on both sides of the wall), as stones can be procured. The cooling-troughs, and the feeding-boxes for the cows on the dairy-farm, to be constructed with pavement. 1 205. Conduits. If the water be carried away by iinder-drains or conduits, the great common sewer, or discharging conduit, to begin in a central part of the offices, to be 2 feet 3 inches wide, and 3 feet 6 inches high, so as to allow a person to go up to clean it. It may be arched or covered, as shall be most convenient ; and the size of the side conduits to be according to the distance from the common sewer, namely, from 1 foot to 1 foot 6 inches wide, and from I foot 6 inches to 2 feet high, with chisel-jointed angle bottom, according to the sketch fig. 1073. 1206. Causewaying. The whole of the stables, cow-houses, calf-houses, pig-houses, &c., to be laid with whinstone causeway set in sharp sand. The settles (gutters) for carrying off the urine to have 1 inch and a half fall to 10 feet, or 2 inches to 10 feet, if the situ- ation admits, or all the fall which can be had. The run channels (gutters) for stables to be 10 feet from the wall, and the rise froin the channel to the rack to be 5 inches. The channels for cow-houses to be 9 feet from the wall ; the rise from the channel to the sole-tree (the sill into which the posts to which the cows are tied are mor- tised) to be 4 inches. The area round the yard to be causewayed, and to liave proper channels, with 2 in. declivity to the 10 feet, so as to carry the water to the settling-pits (liquid manure tanks). In situations where the extent of causewaying in the areas round the offices is considerable, by making the causewayed channels 4 feet broad, that is, 2 feet on each side of the run, the space between that and the buildings will answer nearly as well to be made up with small broken stones 9 inches deep, and blinded (the interstices filled up) on the toji with small clean water sand. This, in a short time, will become a smooth hard substance, and will be obtained at less expense ; or, if con- duits are adopted, gratings must be made at proper places to communicate with the conduit : the gratings should be strong, and have the ribs well bent upwards, as in that form they are not so liable to be choked up. 1 207. Carpenter's Work. — Roofing. The cupple (couple or rafter) sides for the houses of 1 5 or 16 feet wide, to be 6 inches and a half at bottom, 5 inches and a half at top, and 2 inches and a half thick, with a balk (baulk or tie-beam) 6 inches by 2 inches and a half, fixed as near the middle of each cupple as possible with double garron- nails, and properly riveted. The cupple sides for houses 18 feet wide to be 7 inches at bottom, 6 inches at top, with a balk or scantling to each, 6 inches and a half by 2 inches and a half, fixed as above. The cupples to be set at 20 inches from centres, on a wall-
