5G8 COTTAGE, FARM, AND VILLA ARCHITECTURE. of preventing them from being rashly ]nilled down. In comparatively uncivilised ape. and countries, all great changes are accompanied with destruction ; and much of the accumulated labour of mankind is lost for ever to society ; but under a higher degree of civilisation, conversion takes the place of destruction, and things merely change their owners or their uses. Sect. IV. Designs for various Buildings, suck as Corn- Mills, Kilns, Malt-houses, Cider-houses, Sj-c, connected with Agrictdture and rural Economy. 1 236. The Designs to be included in this subsection are such as do not necessarily belong to a common farmery ; but which, nevertheless, form prominent structures in particular districts. We might have added considerably to their number, by including buildings for carrying on different manufactures of agricultural produce ; such as crushing seeds for oil ; extracting dyes from wood, weld, madder, &c. ; preparing hemp and flax ; making flour or starch, or distilling spirit from potatoes ; making sugar from beet root, &c. : but such buildings come much more within the province of the engineer than the Architect, being altogether subordinate to the machinery which they are to contain. We have limited our designs to such as are of a more general description, and which are required in every country where corn and fruit are grown. These are the wind and ■water corn-mills, the hop-kiln, the malt-house, and the cider-house. We have also added an improved limekiln, as of essential importance in limestone countries ; a brick or tile kiln, which will enable every farmer to burn his own bricks, and also to burn clay or lime, and even to serve for a inalt or hop kiln, on a small scale, and for a variety of other purposes ; and a poultry-house for farms where poultry are kept on a large scale. Among the letter-press accompanying these designs we liave been fortunate enough to be able to include some of the best directions for the manufacture of cider, for the manage- ment of hop and malt kilns, and for the care of poultry, which have yet been published. The directions for managing poultry are from the pen of Mr. Main ; and, we think, from their great simplicity, and from their being founded entirely on his own experience, that they will be found particularly valuable. We have added to the article some remarks, accompanied by Designs, relating to the management of ])oultry by cottagers, and espe- cially by the wives of farm labourers, being particularly anxious to direct the attention of our readers to this subject. We may observe generally, respecting the Designs of this subsection, that we have confined our attention chiefly to economical arrangement, or, in other words, to fitness for the end in view. It would have been a most agreeable recreation to us to have bestowed more attention on the architectural style of the different buildings, but we feared that this would have drawn the attention of our readers from the ground plans. Almost all of them, however, might be rendered highly architectural, and this every Architect will readily assent to when he finds that the ground plans of the chief of them, when constructed on the best principles, such as the windmill, malt kiln, hop kiln, &c. are circular. There is nothing in the nature of a circular kiln to prevent it from assuming the forms and proportions of the temples at Tivoli, or the Temple of the Winds at Athens; that is, if such models ought to be imitated in such cases. Design I. — The Construction of a Building for containing the Machinery of a Corn- Mill to be impelled by Water, with introductory Observations on Buildings for Mills generally, on Flour-Mills, and on the different Kinds of Water-wheels. 1237. Buildings for containing Mills require to be of greater strength than ordinary farm buildings, chiefly on account of the vibratory motion commimicated by the action of the machinery. This vibratory motion differs materially in different descriptions of mills. Where the machinery is in a great measure independent of the building, and is placed on the ground floor, as in the case of the threshing-machine, it is trifling; but where the machinery is so connected with the structure as to be inseparable from it, or is in an upper story as in the case of the windmill, the vibration is considerable. In cases of the latter description, the side walls of the buildings must be securely tied together by the system of flooring, and the walls must be thicker than in a common house of the same height ; they must be begun on solid foundations, and carried up in the most sub- stantial manner, -with the best materials. As in this part of our work, it is chiefly our object to illustrate by example, we shall make no further observation, but refer to the plans, elevations, and specifications of Unsted mill, which forms the main object before us, previously introducing some remarks on mills generally, on flour-mills, and on water- wheels, most obligingly prepared for us by our valuable contributor, Mr. Varden. 1238. " Mill, in its most general signification, applies to all machines whose action depends on a circular motion. Of these there are several kinds ; and, according to the various methods of applying the moving power, they are called windmills, water-mills, horse-mills, or steam-mills. All of these kinds are employed for numerous purposes.
