DWELLINGS FOR FARM SERVANTS. 039 (the contractor), all necessary hauling and labour, and all materials and workmanship of every description, except timber; the timber to be supplied by the said William Lawrence in the rough, and sawed out and worked up by the said John Jordan (the floors to be fur- nished in plank) ; and also the windows, except the cast-iron frames, which are to be found by the said William Lawrence, but to be glazed at the expense of the said John Jordan. The walls to be built in a strong rough manner, with rusticated ashlar coins, the sills to the windows to be of weathered stone. The chimney tops to be formed of weathered stone ashlar, with proper heads and drips. The ovens to be formed of fire-brick with iron stoppers. The floors of the lower rooms and passage (except that of the largest room on the ground floor) to be of good clean close-jointed pa%ing. The floors of the lean-to and privy and pigsty to be laid with common rough paving. The floors of the large room on the ground floor, and of the upper rooms and staircase, to be of elm board, framed and laid in a good manner. All the roofs to be pointed to the pin (mortar to be laid under each course of slate, from their lower edge, to the pin which fastens the slate below). AU the doors to be ledged doors, ploughed and tongued, well fitted, and hung on good strong hinges. All the walls of the house and privy to be plastered and troweled down smooth and washed. The walls of the lean-to and pigsty to be pointed ; and the walls of the court of the latter to be covered with weather-cophig. To provide spouts of wood or cast-iron, and fix them at the front and back of the cottages, and a downright spout to each, to convey the water into a reservoir. All the outside wood and ironwork to be painted with three coats of oU paint. To cover in the said cottages and outbuildings, on or before the 1st of July next; and to complete the same in all respects fit for habitation and use, and to clear away all the rubbish from the new, and the site of the old building, by the 1st of September following, to the satisfaction of the said WiUiam Lawrence, or his agent or surveyor. Design VL — A Cottage for a Farm Labourer and his Wife, without Children. 1352. An Essay on Labourers' Cottages, by Mr. Tugwell, the celebrated agriculturist, and the inventor of the Beverstone plough, which appeared in the Bath Societys Papers, vol. xii., was accompained by two very economical plans for ploughmen's dwellings, which we have thought it useful to copy (with some alterations, which we consider improvements) into this work, as particularly suitable for being erected on farms. ^Ve shall commence with that of the smallest size. 1353. Accommodation. There are a cellar the entire size of the ground floor, a living- room and pantry over the cellar, and two small bed-rooms over these. Fig. 1218 is a plan of the ground floor, in which a is the living-room twelve feet by eleven feet, with its open fireplace, b, oven, c, and smaU boiler, d. The open fire- place has the jambs widely splayed, in order to throw as much heat as possible into the room ; the flue of this fireplace is circular in the horizontal section, as shown at e, and the throat is nan-owed, to diminish the draught, as much as is con- sistent with freedom from smoke. The boUer, d, IMr. Tugwell pro- poses to be a Papin's digester, to enable the occupant to pre- pare soups, Irish stews, bouil- lies, &c. from bones which would be otherwise thrown away. The oven, c, is supposed to be buUt of one brick in thickness (two inches and a quarter), both at bottom and sides, and not more than one in breadth (four inches and a half) on the top; the whole to be bedded, and surrounded on all sides, above and below, with four inches of well-rammed wood ashes ; these being bad conductors of heat. Mr. Tugwell observes, that he can affirm, from experience, that an oven of this construction will not require more than a third part of the fuel usually consumed in heating. Small-sized earthen- ware ovens, he observes, are made at the potteries in one entire piece ; and these would
