THE MOUNTAINS OF UPPER GALILEE. 199
the range also contributes to the head of the Hubeishiyeh, which lies above the castle of Tibnin. The portion of the Upper Ezziyeh referred to, bears the names of Khallet el Mukeisibeh, Wady el Malek, and Wady el 'Ayftn, on the one- inch map ; and this channel forms so far a common base for the Jurmuk and Marun Eanges.
THE MOUNTAINS OF LOWER GALILEE.
The northern base of the mountains of Lower Galilee is of course identical with the southern base of the mountains of Upper Galilee, which has been already described and explained. It will be sufficient to repeat now that the northern base line runs from the Plain of Acre, along Wady el Halzun, Wady Shaib, Wady el Khashab, Wady en Nimr, Wady Said, Wady Maktul, and Wady 'Amud to the Sea of Galilee. The eastern limit, is the Sea of Galilee and the Jordan. The western and southern limits are formed by the Plains of Acre and Esdraelon, and the Nahr Jaliid.
The difference in altitude between this region and Upper Galilee is relatively considerable ; for while the latter nearly attains to a height of 4,000 feet, the hills of Lower Galilee never rise to 2,000 feet. The general features of the upland of Lower Galilee, are also very different from Upper Galilee. They present a succession of parallel ranges, divided by broad plains ; the ranges running between east and west, with a slight bend towards the north.
The Northern or Shaghdr Range.
The northern range rises from the base line common to Upper and Lower Galilee, which has just been traced in detail. Its southern base is denned by the Wady el Melek ; con- tinued upward as Wady Khalladtyeh, to the Plain of Buttauf and thence along that great plain, and the southern foot of Jebel et Teiyarat, to Wady Sad, and the sinuous, deep and rocky gorge by which the Wady el Hamam reaches the Plain of Genne- saretand the Sea of Galilee, on the north of el Mejdel. About half a-mile above the junction of Wady Sad, with Wady el Hamam,
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