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INDONESIAN LINGUISTICS
| Philippines. Tag.: | magpahiram |
| Celebes, Mak.: | painraṅ |
| Borneo, Bol.: | painjam |
| Near Java, Mad.: | apaenjham |
| Madagascar, Hova: | mampindrana. |
63. The passive. There are two passive formatives that we can call Common IN : ta- and in. The latter, like the active formative um, is a prefix before words that begin with a vowel and almost always an infix in those that begin with a consonant. Proof that the passive formative ta- is Common IN:
| Philippines, Bis.: | takilid, "to be inclined". |
| Celebes, Bungku: | tapeha, "to be broken". |
| Borneo, Tar.: | tadagu, "to be spoken". |
| Java, Old Jav.: | tawurag, "to be scattered". |
| Islands near New Guinea, Sawunese: | tabolo, "to be submerged". |
| Sumatra, Toba: | talentes, "to be opened". |
| Islands at the back of Sumatra, Mentaway: | taico, "to be seen". |
| Madagascar, Hova: | tahuruaka, "to be pierced". |
64. The second passive formative is in. Proof that it is Common IN:
| Celebes, Bulu: | winunu, "to be killed". |
| Borneo, Bol.: | jinawal, "to be lost". |
| Java, Old Jav.: | inambah, "to be trodden on". |
| Islands near New Guinea, Kupangese: | inka, "to be eaten". |
| Sumatra, Lampong: | tinabor, "to be strewn". |
| Islands at the back of Sumatra, Mentaway: | tinibo, "to be dried". |
| Madagascar, Hova: | tinapaka, "to be broken". |
65. Other important passive formatives that are fairly widely distributed are, above all, ka-, next tar-, for which Bug. and Mak. have taq-, further -an, etc.
