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ESSAY IV
283
144. In many languages hamzah is found as a final, abruptly closing the final vowel.
I. In very many interjections, thus in Bugis, Tontemboan, etc.; the interjection "fie!" in particular very often has a q as final: Makassar ceq, Bugis caq, Sangirese siq, etc. The frequent occurrence of q in interjections is connected with the emphatic, abrupt way in which they are uttered.
II. In names of relationship in the vocative. Original IN ama, "father", results in the Tontemboan amaṅ, with a particle welded on to it; but the vocative is amaq. Here the abrupt utterance has created the q.
III. In names of relationship generally. Thus alongside of Original IN pu, "grandfather", we find the Tontemboan apoq, beside Old Javanese bi, Modern Javanese bibi, "woman, aunt", the Madurese bhibbhiq, etc. These forms with q were originally vocatives.
IV. In numerals. In Madurese the numerals which in Original IN ended in a vowel are pronounced with a final q, whenever they are used by themselves, thus Original IN tělu > Mad. tělloq, "three", but těllo ratos, "three hundred". The occurrence of the q is either due to the force of analogy, on the pattern of empaq, "four" < Original IN pat, where the q is in accordance with rule, or else it is connected with the abrupt enunciation which sometimes occurs in counting.
V. In negatives, very frequently. Thus alongside of Original IN, and likewise Old Javanese, aja, a vetative negative, we find the Bugis ajaq, beside the Malay tiada a form tidaq, etc.
VI. In words of any category of meaning. In Busang an Original IN final vowel usually has a hamzah added to it; in particular, Original IN i becomes eq and u becomes oq, hence Original IN beli, "to buy" > Bus. běléq and Original IN batu, "stone" > Bus. batóq.
145. Just as in several languages the interjections often end in q, so in other languages they are particularly frequently found with an h as final, thus in Madurese.
