the castle not only had special orders for the welfare of his prisoner, but became his friend, as is shown by Toussaint's correspondence. Toussaint probably died from apoplexy, provoked by anger, resentment, and humiliation at his ill fortune. In person Toussaint was short of stature and of unprepossessing appearance. He was temperate and hardy, often riding fifty leagues without stopping, and sleeping but two hours. In his army he maintained the strictest discipline, and his soldiers looked on him as a superior being. His life has been written by Charles de St. Rémy (Paris, 1850), by John R. Beard (London, 1853), by Charles W. Elliot (New York, 1855), and by James Redpath (Boston, 1863), and he forms the subject of one of Wendell Phillips's most celebrated lectures. Toussaint's family was transported to France with him, and assigned a residence in Agen with a pension from the government. His wife died there in May, 1816, and his third son soon afterward. The two eldest, Isaac and Placide, having tried to escape in 1805, were imprisoned in Belle-Isle till 1815. They settled afterward in Bordeaux. Placide, who died in 1843, published “Vie de Toussaint l'Ouverture” (Bordeaux, 1825). Isaac died in 1850.
TOUSSARD, Louis (toos-sar), Chevalier de,
French soldier, b. in Burgundy in 1749 ; d. in New
Orleans, La., in 1821. He studied at the school of
artillery of La Pere, and was a lieutenant when he
resigned at the beginning of the war for independ-
ence and came to this country with Chevalier de
Loyante through means that were furnished by
Caron de Beaumarchais. In June, 1777, upon Si-
las Deane's recommendation, he received a lieuten-
ant's commission and was attached to Washing-
ton's staff. Later he was aide-de-camp to Gen.
Lafayette, assisted in the battle of the Brandy-
wine, and lost an arm during the retreat from
Rhode Island in the autumn of 1778. Soon after-
ward he was brevetted lieutenant - colonel and
awarded by congress a pension for life. He as-
sisted in the capture of Yorktown in 1781, and
fought in the south with Lafayette till the conclu-
sion of peace. In 1784 he was made a knight of
Saint Louis, a colonel in the French service, and
appointed inspector of the artillery of the French
West Indies. He was at Santo Domingo at the
beginning of the troubles in 1790, and fought on
the royalist side. In 1794 he fell into the hands
of the negroes, but through the intervention of the
U. S. consul was placed on board a vessel bound
for New Orleans. He petitioned congress for his
reinstatement in the army, which was granted, and
in February, 1795, he was made major of the 2d
artillery, being promoted its lieutenant - colonel
early in 1800. The regiment was disbanded in
January, 1802, and he retired to private life. In
1812— '15 he held the office of French consul at
New Orleans. His works include " American Ar-
tillerist's Companion" (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1809;
revised ed., 1821).
TOWER, Fayette Bartholomew, civil engineer, b. in Waterville, N. Y., 29 Jan., 1817: d. there, 16 Feb., 1857. He received such education as the local schools afforded, and chose the profes-
sion of civil engineering. In 1837 he was appoint-
ed on the Croton aqueduct, and he continued on
that work until its completion in 1842. During
the ensuing five years he made Waterville his
residence, and at that time prepared his " Illustra-
tions of the Croton Aqueduct," consisting of a
series of twenty-one plates, with text (New York,
1843). About 1848 his health led him to seek a
milder climate, and he settled in Cumberland, Md.
He was chosen to the Maryland legislature, and
later was elected mayor of Cumberland. His health
continued to fail, and in 1856 he returned to
Waterville and died soon afterward.
TOWER, Zealous Bates, soldier, b. in Cohasset,
Mass., 12 Jan., 1819. He was graduated at the U. S.
military academy in 1841, first in a class of fifty-
two, among whom were Horatio O. Wright, Thomas
J. Rodman, Nathaniel Lyon, and Don Carlos Buell.
He was promoted 2d lieutenant in the corps of
engineers, 1 July, 1841, assigned to duty as as-
sistant to the board of engineers, and in 1842
as principal assistant professor of engineering
at West Point. During the years 1843-6 he was
engaged on the defences of Hampton Roads. He
served with great credit in the war with Mexico in
1846-'8, especially at Cerro Gordo, Contreras (where
he led the storming column), Chapultepec (where
he was wounded), and in the final assault and cap-
ture of the city of Mexico. He became 1st lieu-
tenant in April, 1847, and captain, 1 July, 1855.
During 1848-'61 he was engaged upon river and
harbor improvements, on the building of the San
Francisco custom-house, and on the board to pro-
ject the defences of the Pacific coast. He was pro-
moted major of engineers, 6 Aug., 1861, and as-
signed as chief engineer of the defence of Fort
Pickens. For his conduct there he was appointed
a brigadier-general of volunteers, 23 Nov., 1861,
the date of the bombardment. He participated,
in command of troops, in the operations in north-
ern Virginia, under Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks and
Gen. John Pope, until the second battle of Bull
Run, 30 Aug., 1862, where he was severely wound-
ed. Upon his recovery he served as superintend-
ent of the U. S. military academy at West Point
from July till September, 1864, when he rejoined
the armies in the field as chief engineer of the de-
fences of Nashville, took part in the battle, and
held responsible staff offices in the military divis-
ions of the Mississippi and Tennessee until the
close of the war. He was promoted lieutenant-
colonel of engineers in 1865, and mustered out of
volunteer service, 15 Jan., 1866. Thereafter Gen.
Tower was employed in the supervision of the work
of improving the great harbors, both for commer-
cial and military purposes, until 13 Jan., 1874,
when he was promoted colonel of engineers, and,
having served more than forty years, was, at his
own request, retired from active service. He re-
ceived eight brevets for "gallant and meritorious
service" in war — from 1st lieutenant, 18 April,
1847, for Cerro Gordo, to major-general, U. S. army,
13 March, 1865. Gen. Tower is one of the original
members of the Aztec club, founded in the city of
Mexico, 13 Oct., 1847, by the officers of Gen. Scott's
army. He is the author of " An Analytical Investiga-
tion of the Possible Velocity of the Ice-Boat," pub-
lished in " Van Nostrand's Engineering Magazine."
TOWLE, George Makepeace (tole), author, b. in Washington, D. C, 27 Aug., 1841. He was graduated at Yale in 1861 and at the Harvard law-school in 1863, and practised in Boston in 1863-'5.
He was U. S. consul at Nantes, France, in 1866-'8, and in the latter year was transferred to the consulate at Bradford, England, where he remained until his return to Boston in 1870. He became
president of the Papyrus club in 1880, and was a delegate to the Republican national convention at Chicago in 1888. He was managing editor of the Boston "Commercial Bulletin" in 1870-'l, was foreign editor of the Boston "Post" in 1871-6, and became a contributor to many foreign and American periodicals. He has published " Glimpses of History v (Boston, 1865) ; " The History of Henry the Fifth, King of England " (New York, 1866) ;
