ZABRISKIE, Abraham Oothout, jurist, b. in Greenbush (now East Albany), N. Y., 10 June, 1807 ; d. in Truckee. Cal., 27 June, 1873. He was graduated at Princeton in 1825, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1828. He practised for two years in Newark, and then removed to Hack- ensack, N. J., where he remained till 1849. He was reporter of the supreme court of New Jersey from 1848 till 1856. Removing to Jersey City from Hackensack, he was elected to the state senate, and took an important part in framing the city charter of 1851 and in other legislation. He be- came chancellor of New Jersey in 1866, and died while he was on a journey soon after the comple- tion of his term.
ZACHOS, John Celivergos (zak'^os), educator,
b. in Constantinople, Turkey, 20 Dec. 1820. He is
of Greek parentage, and came to this country when
he was ten years old with Dr. Samuel G. Howe.
He was graduated at Kenyon college, Ohio, in 1840,
and in 1842-'5 studied at the medical school of
Miami university, but did not take his degree. He
was associate principal in Cooper female seminary,
Dayton. Ohio, in 1851-'4, and principal of the grain-
mar-school of Antioch college, Yellow Springs,
Ohio, in 1855-'7. During the civil war he served
in the army as an assistant surgeon, and in 1865,
having studied theology privately, he was ordained
pastor of the Unitarian church in West Newton,
Mass. In 1866-'7 he was pastor at Meadville. Pa.,
and professor of rhetoric in the theological school
in that place. Since 1871 he has been curator of
the Cooper union, New York city. Dr. Zachos in-
vented and patented in 1876 the stenotype, for print-
ing a legible text from the English alphabet at a
reporting speed. In this machine the types are
fixed on eighteen shuttle-bars, two or more of
which may be simultaneously placed in position,
and the impression is given by a plunger common
to all the bars. Improvements were patented in
1883 and 1886. He edited the " Ohio Journal of
Education " in 1852, and is the author of " New
American Speaker " (New York, 1852) ; " Analyti-
cal Elocution " (1861) ; " New System of Phonic
Reading without changing the Orthography," a
pamphlet (Boston, 1863) : and a " Phonic Primer
and Reader " (1864).
ZAKRZEWSKA, Maria Elizabeth (sakr-
zhev'-skah), physician, b. in Berlin, Prussia, 6 Sept.,
1829. She is of Polish descent. After studying
medicine and serving as an assistant and afterward
as a teacher in the college in which she had stud-
ied, she came to this country in 1853, and was
graduated at Cleveland medical college. With
Elizabeth and Emily Blackwell she established the
New York infirmary, which she superintended two
years, as resident physician and manager. After
her removal to Boston in 1863 she founded the
New England hospital for women and children.
ZALDIVAR, Rafael, Central American states-
man, b. about 1830. He studied law, taking part
also in politics, and when in 1876 the government of
Andres Valle was defeated by the Guatemalan army
under Gen. Rufino Barrios, the Salvador junta de
notables assembled in accordance with the capitu-
lation of 25 April, and nominated Zaldivar as pro-
visional president, and in May he was elected con-
stitutionally. His administration was enlightened
and progressive ; he fostered the planting of cacoa,
rubber-trees, and the maguey or American agave
for the fibre industry, and founded an agricultural
college and a model experimental farm. In 1883
he was re-elected, in the next year made an ex-
tended trip through the United States. England,
France, and Spain, and on his return held an in-
terview in September, 1884, with the presidents of
Guatemala and Honduras regarding the proposed
union of the five Central American republics.
When Barrios suddenly issued, on 18 Feb., 1885,
his famous decree proclaiming himself provisional
chief of the restored Central American union, Zal-
divar seemed to accept the idea enthusiastically,
and nearly forced President Bogran, of Honduras,
to subscribe to it, but when he saw the opposition
in his own country and the formal protest of the
governments of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, he
opened negotiations with Mexico, and finally con-
cluded a secret treaty with Costa Rica and Nicara-
gua, in the mean time arming apparently to assist
Barrios. Finally, when the latter prepared to join
the Salvador army, Zaldivar threw aside the mask
and on 9 March telegraphed Barrios, declaring
against him, and advanced his army of nearly 10,-
000 men, under Gen. Monterosa, toward the frontier.
After the indecisive fight of Chalchualpa on 30
March, Monterosa retreated to San Lorenzo, after
Barrios's death the Guatemalan congress proposed
an armistice, and on 14 April peace was concluded.
On the 21st of that month Zaldivar proposed to
the provisional president of Guatemala, Barillas, a
Central American union, with a congress of dele-
gates from the five republics to meet on 15 May at
Santa Rosa ; but the proposal was not accepted, and
he delivered the executive to Gen. Figueroa, and in
May sailed for France, where he has since lived.
ZALDIVAR MENDOZA, Vicente (thal'-dee-
var), Mexican soldier, b. in Zacatecas in 1565 ; d.
there about 1625. He entered the military ser-
vice, and in 1600 went with his uncle, Juan de
Onate, as second commander of the expedition that
was sent by the viceroy. Count de Monterey, to the
conquest of New Mexico. Although they pene-
trated to 37° north latitude, and established there
a fort and mission, under the name of San Gabriel,
affairs were mismanaged, for which some writers
blame Onate and other's Zaldivar, and the station
was abandoned in 1604. On his return, Zaldivar
retired from military service and settled in his na-
tive city, where he endowed in 1616 a Jesuit col-
lege. He wrote '• Relacion dirigida al Rey, Nues-
tro Senor, sobre la expedicion y pacificacion del
Nuevo Mexico," which is preserved in manuscript
in the archives of the Indies, and is to be published
in the government collection.
ZALINSKI, Edmund Louis Gray, soldier, b.
in Kórnik, Prussian Poland, 13 Dec., 1849. He
came to the United States in 1853, attended school
at Seneca Falls, N. Y., until 1861, and subsequently
was at the high-school in Syracuse, N. Y., until
1863. At the age of fifteen he entered the army,
serving at first as volunteer aide-de-camp on the
staff of Gen. Nelson A. Miles from October, 1864,
till February, 1865. He was commissioned 2d
lieutenant in the 2d New York heavy artillery in
February, 1865, having been recommended for the
appointment by his superior officers for gallant
and meritorious conduct at the battle of Hatcher's
Run, Va. After being commissioned he continued
on Gen. Miles's staff until after the surrender of
Gen. Robert E. Lee, participating in all of the
engagements up to that date. He was mustered out
of the volunteer service in September, 1865, and
