Cedar Creek. His last service was in the Depart- ment of the South, where he was commissioned to dismantle the old Confederate forts in South Caro- lina, Georgia, and Florida, and turn all the prop- erty over to the U. S. government. He received the brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865, and was mustered out of service on 22 Aug., 1865. On resuming civil life he was given charge of the business department of the Baltimore "American," and he has since become its publisher.
ALDRICH, Charles, journalist, b. in Elling-
ton, Chautauqua co., N. Y., 2 Oct., 1828. He re-
ceived a common-school education, and spent one
fear in Jamestown academy. In 1857 he went to
owa and established the " Freeman " in Webster
City. He served as chief clerk of the Iowa house
of representatives in 1860-'2, 1866, and 1870, and
was a member of that body in 1882-'3. Mr. Aldrich
is the author of many of the important laws of
Iowa, including that changing the system of county
government from dictatorship of a single county
judge to a board of supervisors, for the protection
of birds, and for the preservation of the public docu-
ments of the state. He originated the agitation in
the public press that resulted in the repeal in Iowa
of the so-called granger laws for the regulation of
the transportation on the railways and the adoption
of a commission system. In 1882 he became widely
known through his efforts to secure legislation pro-
hibiting the issue of railroad passes to public officers.
His speeches and articles in the " North American
Review " and elsewhere were circulated extensively
in the United States and Europe. This agitation
was largely instrumental in promoting the passage
of the interstate commerce act. He presented to
the state of Iowa, in 1884, his large and valuable
collection of manuscripts, portraits, and autograph
letters. The degree of A. M. was conferred on him
by Iowa college in 1869. He was one of the
founders of the American ornithologist's union in
New York in 1883, and was elected corresponding
member of the Wisconsin historical society in 1887.
ALEXANDER, Robert, member of the Continental congress, b. in Baltimore, Md., about 1740; d. probably in England after 1796. He was elect-
ed a member of the people's committee, 12 Nov.,
1774, and of the Provincial convention of Mary-
land in 1775, and chosen a deputy to the Conti-
nental congress, 9 Dec, 1775, being re-elected, 4
July, 1776, but soon after the promulgation of the
Declaration of Independence he sailed for Eng-
land with other Baltimore loyalists. He was after-
ward appointed agent for Maryland loyalists to
present and prosecute their claims before the Brit-
ish government.
ANDERSON, David, Canadian Anglican bish-
op, b. in London, England, 10 Feb., 1814 ; d. in
Bristol, England, 5 Nov., 1885. He was graduated
at Oxford in 1836, was vice-principal of St. Bee's
college, Cumberland, in 1841-'7, and incumbent of
All Saints', Derby, in 1848-'9. From 1849 till 1864
he was bishop of Prince Rupert's Land, Canada, and
upon his resignation he returned to England and
was appointed vicar of Clifton, and made chancel-
lor of St. Paul's cathedral, London. Bishop An-
derson received the degree of D. D. in 1849. He
was the author of " Notes on the Flood " ; " Net
in the Bay" ; and other works.
APPLETON, John, jurist, b. in New Ipswich,
N. H., 12 July, 1804. He is the nephew of Jesse
Appleton (vol. i., p. 84). After his graduation at
Bowdoin in 1822, he taught, studied law, was ad-
mitted to the bar, and in 1832 settled in Bangor,
Me. He was reporter of decisions in 1841, in 1852
was appointed a justice of the state supreme court,
and in 1862-'83 was chief justice. Bowdoin gave
him the degree of LL. D. in 1860. Judge Apple-
ton published two volumes of "Reports" (Hal-
lowell, 1841) and " The Rules of .Evidence, Stated
and Discussed" (Philadelphia, 1860). — His son,
John Francis, soldier, b. in Bangor, Me., 29 Aug.,
1839; d. there, 31 Aug., 1871, was graduated at
Bowdoin in 1860, and at the beginning of the civil
war raised and commanded a company in the 12th
Maine volunteers. He was commissioned colonel
of the 81st U. S. colored troops, served in the De-
partment of the Gulf, and was brevetted brigadier-
general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865. Subse-
quently he studied law, was admitted to the bar of
Maine, and appointed U. S. judge for the district
of eastern Texas, but declined.
ARMSTRONG, Samuel Chapman, soldier, b.
in Wailuka, Maui, Hawaiian islands, 30 Jan., 1839.
His parents were among the first missionaries to
the Sandwich islands, where he resided until 1860.
After graduation at Williams in 1862 he entered
the volunteer army as a captain in the 125th New
York regiment, and in 1863 was made lieutenant-
colonel of the 9th U. S. colored infantry. Sub-
sequently he was colonel of the 8th U. S. colored
regiment. He was brevetted brigadier-general of
volunteers on 13 March, 1865, and after the war
went to Hampton, Va., to work among the freed-
men. Gen. Armstrong was a founder of the Hamp-
ton normal and agricultural institute for negroes
in 1868, and since that date has served as its prin-
cipal. In 1878, Indians were admitted.
ASHHURST, John, surgeon, b. in Philadelphia,
Pa., 23 Aug., 1839. He was graduated at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania in 1857, and at the medi-
cal department in 1860, and from 1862 till 1865 he
served as acting assistant surgeon in the U. S. army.
Since 1877 he has been professor of clinical surgery
in the University of Pennsylvania, and he has been
connected with several hospitals. He is the author
of " Injuries of the Spine " (Philadelphia, 1867) and
" Principles and Practice of Surgery " (1871). and
the editor of " Transactions of the International
Medical Congress " (1877) and the " International
Encyclopaedia of Surgery" (6 vols., New York,
1881-'6 ; 2d ed., 1888).
ATWOOD, Isaac Morgan, clergyman, b. in
Pembroke, Genesee co., N. Y., 24 March, 1838. He
was educated at Lockport, N. Y., entered the Uni-
versal ist ministry in 1859, and was pastor of
churches in New York, Maine, and Massachusetts.
Since 1879 he has been president of Canton theo-
logical seminary, St. Lawrence university, where he
is also professor of theology and ethics. The de-
gree of A. M. was conferred on him bv St. Law-
rence university in 1872, and that of D. D. by Tufts
in 1879. He was editor of the " Boston Universal-
ist " in 1867-72, and of the " Christian Leader" in
1873-'5, and has been associate editor of the latter
journal since 1875. Dr. Atwood is the author of
"Have. We Outgrown Christianity f " (Boston,
1870); "Glance at the Religious Progress of the
United States" (1874); "Latest Word of Univer-
salism " (1878) ; "Walks about Zion" (1881); and
" Manual of Revelation " (1888).
AUSTIN, Jane Goodwin, author, b. in Worcester, Mass., 25 Feb., 1831. She is the daughter of Isaac Goodwin, of Worcester, was educated in private schools in Boston, and on 24 June, 1850, married Loring H. Austin. Her publications are "Fairy Dreams" (Boston, 1859); "Dora Darling" (1864); "Outpost" (1866): "Cipher" (New York, 1869) ; " The Shadow of Moloch Mountain " (1870) ; "Moonfolk" (1874); "Mrs. Beauchamp Brown" (Boston, 1880) ; "A Nameless Nobleman" (1881);
